Vascular changes in the rat brain during chronic hypoxia in the presence and absence of hypercapnia.

Changes in brain vascularity in adult rats during adaptation to chronic normobaric hypoxia with or without elevated CO(2) were morphometrically investigated. Immunohistochemistry with anti-rat endothelial cell antigen (RECA-1) antibody was carried out for the vascular analysis. After the rats were subjected to hypoxia for 2 to 8 weeks (wks)(10 percent O(2) in N(2)), the total area of blood vessels was measured in 6 brain regions. After 2 wks of hypoxia, the blood vessel area was found to be significantly increased in the frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata, by 44% , 96% , 65% , 50% , 102% and 97% , respectively. The ratio of large vessels with an area &#62; 500 micro m(2) was also increased in all brain regions. Hypoxic adaptation in brain vascularity did not change during 8 wks of hypoxia, and the hypoxia-induced levels measured in the vasculature returned to control levels 2 wks after the termination of hypoxia in areas of the brain other than the cortex and thalamus. In addition, hypoxia-induced changes in terms of the total vascular area and vessel size distribution were significantly inhibited by the elevation in CO(2), whereas chronic hypercapnia without hypoxia had no effect on brain vascularity. These findings suggested that adaptations in brain vascularity in response to hypoxia are rapidly induced, and there are regional differences in the reversibility of such vascular changes. Carbon dioxide is a potent suppressor of hypoxia-induced vascular changes, and may play an important role in vascular remodeling during the process of adaptation to chronic hypoxia.</p

Synthesis of ordered mesoporous ruthenium by lyotropic liquid crystals and its electrochemical conversion to mesoporous ruthenium oxide with high surface area

In ordered to prepare high capacitance pseudo-capacitive oxides, it is important to design nanostructures with appreciable mesopores. Supramolecular templating has become a popular method to synthesize ordered mesoporous metals; however, the application of the same technique to synthesis of high surface area oxides is more demanding. We present here, the synthesis of ordered mesoporous ruthenium metal by lyotropic liquid crystal templating and its electrochemical conversion to ordered mesoporous ruthenium oxide by a simple, room temperature procedure. The bulk, unsupported metallic ordered mesoporous ruthenium exhibits high surface area of 110 m(2) g(-1), which is comparable to typical supported Ru nanoparticles. The oxide analogue gives a high specific capacitance of 376 Fg(-1), owing to the porous structure. These results demonstrate a possible facile and generic process to synthesize oxides with ordered nanostructures by utilization of the various phases that can be obtained with lyotropic liquid crystalline templates such as cubic, hexagonal, lamellar, etc.ArticleJOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES. 204:244-248 (2012)journal articl

A Novel Concentrating System of Chicken Stem Cells by Bone Marrow Side Population Cells

Numerous studies in mammalian species have recently been reported that many stem cells have an ability to efficiently efflux the vital DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342, and it is called side population (SP) cells. However, few study have been reported on the avian SP cells. It could be possible that concentration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in birds since the characteristic of SIP cells should be shared in various tissues and species. In this study, we first attempted the isolation of SP cells from chicken bone marrow and the assessment by gene expression and morphologic analyses. Bone marrow cells (BMCs) were flushed from the femurs and tibias of chicks aged at 10 days with PBS. The BMCs were layered on lymphocyte separation medium and centrifuged for excluding the erythrocytes. The separated cells were adjusted to 10(6)/ml in HBSS. Hoechst 33342 were added (1.25 mu g/ml) and incubated 60 to 90 minutes at 37 degrees C. Propidium iodide was added (2 mu g/ml) to exclude dead cells. The SP cells were isolated with flow cytometer. The sorted cells were stained with May-Gruenwald Giemsa (MG) for morphological analysis and RNA was extracted for gene expression analysis. The avian SP cells which was vanished by addition verapamil counld be separated. The percentage of SP cells in chicken bone marrow was about 2.6%. The morphological analysis by MG staining indicated that the SP cells had a larger nuclear and little cytoplasm which were typical characterisation of mouse HSCs. The pattern of gene expressions (CD34, c-Kit, CD4 and CD8) in SP cells also resembled that of the mouse HSCs. These results suggested that the HSCs could be enriched from avian bone marrow cells. Together with these results, it was concluded that SP is one of powerful tools for concentration of avian stem cells.ArticleJOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE. 47(1): 53-56(2010)journal articl

Silent cerebral infarction predicts vascular events in hemodialysis patients

Silent cerebral infarction predicts vascular events in hemodialysis patients.BackgroundCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We have previously reported a higher incidence of silent cerebral infarction (SCI) in HD patients compared with the control group using MRI studies. In the present study, we examined whether or not SCI could predict vascular events in HD patients.MethodsCranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 119 HD patients without symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. SCI was detected by MRI, and the patients were prospectively followed up. The end points of the study were the incidence of major events related to vascular events (cerebral events, cardiac events, and sudden deaths). We investigated the prognostic role of SCI in cerebral, cardiac, and vascular events by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of SCI was 49.6% in HD patients. During a follow-up period of maximum 60 months, vascular events, which included 13 cerebral events, 5 cardiac events, and 3 sudden deaths, occurred in 21 patients. The presence of SCI was predictive for a higher cerebral and vascular morbidity compared to the absence of SCI [18.6% (N = 11) vs. 3.3% (N = 2), P = 0.0169, and 30.5% (N = 18) vs. 5.0% (N = 3), P = 0.0006, respectively]. By multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, SCI remained a powerful independent predictor of cerebral and vascular events (hazard ratio for cerebral events 7.33, 95% CI 1.27–42.25: for vascular events 4.48, 95% CI 1.09–18.41).ConclusionThe findings of the present study indicate that the presence of SCI is a new risk factor for vascular events in HD patients

Phoenix

A novel chiral coordination polymer, [Cu­(C₆H₅CH­(OH)­COO)­(μ-C₆H₅CH­(OH)­COO)] (<b>1</b>-L and <b>1</b>-D), was synthesized through a reaction of copper acetate with l-mandelic acid at room temperature. Although previously reported copper mandelate prepared by hydrothermal reaction was a centrosymmetric coordination polymer because of the racemization of mandelic acid, the current coordination polymer shows noncentrosymmetry and a completely different structure from that previously reported. The X-ray crystallography for <b>1</b>-L revealed that the copper center of the compound showed a highly distorted octahedral structure bridged by a chiral mandelate ligand in the unusual coordination mode to construct a one-dimensional (1D) zigzag chain structure. These 1D chains interdigitated each other to give a layered structure as a result of the formation of multiple aromatic interactions and hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl and carboxylate moieties at mandelate ligands. The coordination polymer <b>1</b>-L belongs to the noncentrosymmetric space group of C2 to show piezoelectric properties and second harmonic generation (SHG) activity

大学入試センター試験「情報関係基礎」の問題分類と高等学校共通教科情報科との対応

高等学校共通教科情報科は、2025年度大学入学共通テストから出題されることが大学入試センターと文部科学省から発表されている。しかし、その検討素材としては、大学入試センターが2020年に示した試作問題（検討用イメージ）と2021年に公開したサンプル問題しかない。そこで、2022年度から高等学校で始まる「情報Ⅰ」の授業内容の構築に資するべく、1997年度大学入試センター試験から出題されている「情報関係基礎」の問題を分類し、高等学校共通教科情報科との対応を試みた。The National Center for University Entrance Examinations and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology have announced that the high school common subject of Informatics will be presented in the Common Test for University Admission in 2025. However, the only materials available for consideration are the prototype questions (images for consideration) presented by the National Center for University Entrance Examinations in 2020 and the sample questions released in 2021. Therefore, in order to contribute to the construction of class contents for "Informatics I", which will start in high schools in 2022, the authors classified the questions of "Informatics Basics" from the 1997 National Center for University Entrance Examinations, and tried to correspond them to the common subject of informatic in high schools

On the origin and evolution of the asteroid Ryugu: A comprehensive geochemical perspective

Presented here are the observations and interpretations from a comprehensive analysis of 16 representative particles returned from the C-type asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission. On average Ryugu particles consist of 50% phyllosilicate matrix, 41% porosity and 9% minor phases, including organic matter. The abundances of 70 elements from the particles are in close agreement with those of CI chondrites. Bulk Ryugu particles show higher δ18O, Δ17O, and ε54Cr values than CI chondrites. As such, Ryugu sampled the most primitive and least-thermally processed protosolar nebula reservoirs. Such a finding is consistent with multi-scale H-C-N isotopic compositions that are compatible with an origin for Ryugu organic matter within both the protosolar nebula and the interstellar medium. The analytical data obtained here, suggests that complex soluble organic matter formed during aqueous alteration on the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal (several 10’s of km), <2.6 Myr after CAI formation. Subsequently, the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal was fragmented and evolved into the current asteroid Ryugu through sublimation