Plant Cell Tissue And Organ Cultures In Terpenoids

This chapter deals with the production of terpenoids, including pharmaceuticals and food additives through plant cell cultures, shoot cultures and root cultures obtained through biotechnological means. Plant cell and hairy root cultures are promising potential alternative sources for the production of terpenoids of industrial importance. Several strategies have been adopted for the enhancement of metabolites. There has been tremendous success in the production of terpenoids such as capsaicin from cell cultures of Salvia officinalis and Capsicum annuum. Procedures for the commercial production of paclitaxel (Taxol (R)) by this technique are in advanced stages of development and may soon be employed for the manufacture of these important drugs. The levels of sugar, nitrate, phosphate and growth regulators have been shown to affect the productivity of secondary metabolite-accumulating cultures. Precursor feeding has also been an obvious and popular approach to increase metabolite production in plant cell cultures. Culture environmental conditions such as light, temperature, medium pH and oxygen have been examined for their effect upon terpenoids accumulation in many types of cultures. Organ cultures are relatively more stable. There are a number of medicinal plants whose shoot cultures have been studied for terpenoids. Similarly, root cultures are valuable sources of medicinal compounds. Until now, there is no commercial process as an alternative for root-derived compounds, except in case of utilizing hairy root culture systems. The ability of Agrobacterium rhizogenes to induce hairy roots in a range of host plants has lead to studies on it as a source of root-derived pharmaceuticals and several hairy roots have been put to scale-up studies in bioreactors. Most remarkable developments of scale-up in large vessels have been in the cultivation of Panax ginseng hairy root biomass.WoSScopu

Secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Verbascum dudleyanum and their biological activities

From the overground parts of Verbascum dudleyanum, six iridoid glycosides, aucubin, ajugol, catalpol, 6-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, saccatoside, and 6-O-(3¨-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-?-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, and two saponins, ilwensisaponin A and C, as well as a flavonoid, luteolin-7-O-ß-glucopyranoside, together with an acetophenone glucoside, picein, were isolated. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. These compounds showed biological acitivites. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Inhibitory Effect Of The Methanolic Extract Of Verbascum Latisepalum Hub.-Mor. On Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation In Rat Thoracic Aorta

The leaves and flowers of Verbascum species are used to treat respiratory disorders, haemorrhoids, rheumatic pain, and wounds as well as for the treatment of eczema and other types of inflammatory skin conditions in traditional Turkish medicine. We examined the effect of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Verbascum latisepalum Hub.-Mor. on the endothelium-dependent relaxation response in rat aortic rings which is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Six fractions, A F, were obtained from the methanolic extract through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures. The phenylethanoid glycoside verbascoside was isolated from fraction D and its structure elucidated by spectral techniques. The inhibitory effects of the extract, its fractions, and verbascoside on the acetylcholine-induced relaxation response in phenylephrine-precontracted aorta was examined in the absence and presence of L-arginine, a precursor in the synthesis of NO. The observation that the effects of the methanolic extract, of fraction D, and of verbascoside were reversed by L-arginine, indicates that verbascoside has an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of NO. This effect should be taken into consideration in view of the wide range of uses of Verbascum species in Turkish folk medicine.WoSScopu

Phytochemical Screening And Evaluation Of The Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activities Of Ferula Caspica M. Bieb. Extracts

Chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the aerial parts of Ferula caspica M. Bieb. were tested for their antioxidant capacities by CUPRAC, ABTS, FRAP, Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods and for antimicrobial activities by the broth microdilution method. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Three known sesquiterpene derivatives; 1-(2′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7,11-trimethyl-3-vinyl-6(E),10-dodecadien-1-one (1), 2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-2-[4′,8′-dimethyl-3′,7′-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2,c]coumarin (2), 2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-3-[4′,8′-dimethyl-3′,7′-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2,c]coumarin(3); phenylpropanoid; laserine/2-epilaserine (4/5) and steroid mixtures; stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (6/7) were isolated from chloroform extract; three known flavonoids; kaempferol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (8), kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (9), quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (10), and one benzoic acid derivative; 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (11) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.PubMedWoSScopu

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Turkish Medicinal Plants

Hypericum orientale L. (Hypericaceae), Helichrysum plicatum Dc. subsp. plicatum (Asteraceae), Centaurea drabifolia Sm. subsp. drabifolia (Asteraceae), Centaurea drabifolia Sm. subsp. detonsa (Bornm.) Wagenitz (Asteraceae), Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch (Asteraceae), and Rubus canescens Dc. var. canescens (Rosaceae) are used for the treatment of hemorrhoids, abdominal pains, and wound healing in traditional Turkish medicine. in order to assess these uses, methanol extracts prepared from their aerial parts were investigated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities. All extracts demonstrated scavenging properties against superoxide anion (O-2(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a non-cellular system, and toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. They also inhibited Cu2+-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation. Among the tested plants, R. canescens var. canescens, H. orientale, and H. plicatum subsp. plicatum were the most effective on ROS in a non-cellular system. Another goal in this work was to test in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of some of these plants not previously studied. The methanol extracts of C. drabifolia subsp. drabifolia, H. orientale, and C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa were shown to possess significant inhibitory activity in mice against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and in p-benzoquinone-induced writhings.WoSScopu

The evaluation of sterile solutions of Ilwensisaponin A and C from Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor. on antiviral, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities

Antiviral, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the 1% sterile solutions of Ilwensisaponin A and C isolated from the methanolic extract of the flowers of Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor. were investigated. Antiviral activities of sterile solutions were evaluated against Bovine Herpes Virus Type-1 (BHV-1) (Cooper strain). Both solutions showed cytotoxic effects. However, none of the sterile solutions showed antiviral activity with CPE values. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive response were obtained at doses of 100 mg/kg. The results of the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities induced by carrageenan showed that these sterile solutions possess active constituents and diminish cyclooxygenase activitiy. In addition, antinociceptive activities using p-benzoquinone-induced writhing model in mice of tested solutions were found to show notable activity in statistical analysis without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first investigation of antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of sterile solutions of Ilwensisaponin A and C isolated from Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor. growing in Turkey. Keywords: Ilwensisaponin A, Ilwensisaponin C, Verbascum, Antiviral activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Sterile solutio

EVALUATING THE ANTIFERTILITY POTENTIAL OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF BUPLEURUM SULPHUREUM AND CICHORIUM INTYBUS IN MALE RATS

Objective: In developing countries, population explosion is one of the most important causes of poverty and pollution. Therefore, several approaches have been investigated to decrease fertility, including hormonal, chemical and immunological approaches. However, no suitable method has been found to be effective and free from side effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of B. sulphureum and C. intybus extracts on various parameters of male fertility using a rat model. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of both plants at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, were each given orally to male Wistar rats for 7 weeks. Sperm characters and serum levels of sex hormones were assessed. Mating success percent, fertility success percent and fertility index were also calculated. The testes, liver and kidney were processed for histological examination. The effect on some biochemical and hematological parameters were quantified. Results: Results showed significant decrease in the weight of testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate in the 250 and 500 mg/kg groups after 7 weeks of treatment. Both extracts reduced the motility, count and viability of sperms. Significant reduction in serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) with hyperprolactinemia were observed. Both extracts did not significantly alter any of the biochemical and hematologic parameters studied. Conclusion: These data suggest that administration of B. sulphureum and C. intybus extracts for 7 weeks contribute to reduce testicular and epididymal function in exposed rats. Keywords: B. sulphureum, C. intybus, mating trial, fertility index, testosterone, male fertility

Potential Anticonvulsant Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Cichorium Intybus and Taraxacum Serotinum in Rats

Purpose: To evaluate the acticonvulsant activity of Cichorium intybus (C. intybus) and Taraxacum serotinum (T. serotinum) in maximal electroshock (MES), as well as pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- and strychnine nitrate (STN) - induced seizure models in rats. Methods: For each model, 8 groups of Swiss albino rats (n=10) were used. The 1st group was kept as control, 2nd as standard (diazepam, 7.5 mg/kg); 3rd - 5th were treated with C. intybus ethanol extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg); and 6th - 8th treated with T. serotinum extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). After 30 min of administration, the rats were exposed to a shock of 150 mA by a convulsiometer, via ear electrodes for 2 s (in MES test) or sc injection of PTZ (85 mg/kg) or STN (2.5 mg/kg). Anticonvulsant activity was confirmed by abolition of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE) in MES test and by measuring the latency to PTZ or STN-induced threshold seizures, and the duration of seizures in the rats. Results: In MES model, 500 mg/kg of C. intybus and T. serotinum resulted in complete abolition of HLTE in 70 and 50 % of the rats, respectively, compared to 80 % in diazepam-medicated animals. Both extracts at 500 mg/kg prolonged latency to seizure onset in PTZ model to 144.7 and 114.7 s, respectively (vs 55.2 s in control group; p < 0.05). Both extracts failed to protect rats against STN-induced seizures. Conclusion: C. intybus and T. serotinum possess anticonvulsant effect as they both abolish HLTE induced by MES and delay the latency of seizures produced by PTZ.WoSScopu

The evaluation of sterile solutions of Ilwensisaponin A and C from Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor. on antiviral, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities

Antiviral, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the 1\% sterile solutions of Ilwensisaponin A and C isolated from the methanolic extract of the flowers of Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor. were investigated. Antiviral activities of sterile solutions were evaluated against Bovine Herpes Virus Type-1 (BHV-1) (Cooper strain). Both solutions showed cytotoxic effects. However, none of the sterile solutions showed antiviral activity with CPE values. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive response were obtained at doses of 100 mg/kg. The results of the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities induced by carrageenan showed that these sterile solutions possess active constituents and diminish cyclooxygenase activitiy. In addition, antinociceptive activities using p-benzoquinone-induced writhing model in mice of tested solutions were found to show notable activity in statistical analysis without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first investigation of antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of sterile solutions of Ilwensisaponin A and C isolated from Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor. growing in Turkey. (C) 2019 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University