Synthesis and photophysical properties of a poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer with carbazolyl side groups

The photophysical properties of solutions and films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) containing 1.6 mol % of randomly distributed pendant ethyl carbazolyl groups have been studied under steady-state and time-resolved conditions. The polymer was prepared by esterification of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) by 9H-carbazole-9-ethanol. At room temperature, the steady-state fluorescence spectrum is attributed to isolated lumophores in solution, but is much more complex in films where emission is detected from isolated groups, ground-state dimers and excimers. At 77 K, emission from both solutions and films contains a component of phosphorescence whose wavelengths overlap fluorescence from excited ground-state dimers and excimers. From the temperature dependence of the steady-state emission spectra of the films, recorded from 30 to 410 K, several types of relaxation processes are identified at temperatures similar to those of unmodified PMMA. Data by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and fluorescence spectroscopy are compared. They include the γ-relaxations from motions of small segments of the chains at 120-130 K (by fluorescence spectroscopy), the β-relaxation from motions of lateral ester groups (by DMTA and fluorescence spectroscopy) at 310 K and α-relaxations (glass transition onset) at 380 K (by DSC and DMTA).As propriedades fotofísicas de um poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) contendo 1,6 mol % de grupos etil-carbazolila aleatoriamente distribuídos pela cadeia, foram estudadas pelas técnicas de espectroscopia de fluorescência em condições fotoestacionárias e com resolução temporal. O material foi preparado a partir da esterificação do poli(metacrilato de metila- co-ácido metacrílico) com 9H-carbazolila-9-etanol. A temperatura ambiente, o espectro de fluorescência que se obtém para a amostra em solução é devido ao lumóforo isolado. Em filme, suas características espectroscópicas se tornam mais complexas, com contribuições do lumóforo isolado, dímeros formados no estado eletrônico fundamental e excímeros. A 77 K, a emissão obtida das amostras, tanto em filme quanto em solução, apresenta também a contribuição da fosforescência, que ocorre na mesma região espectral que a emissão de fluorescência dos agregados emissores. Os diversos tipos de relaxações mecânicas do polímero puderam ser observados através dos espectros de fluorescência do filme, obtidos na faixa de temperatura de 30 a 410 K e são similares àqueles relativos ao PMMA. Os dados obtidos por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA) são comparados aos dados fornecidos pela espectroscopia de fluorescência e as temperaturas onde ocorrem estas relaxações puderam ser determinadas. Assim os processos da γ-relaxação, que é resultante de movimentos de pequenos segmentos de cadeia, ocorrem a 120-130 K (observados por espectroscopia de fluorescência), a β-relaxação, resultante dos movimentos de grupos éster laterais (observada por DMTA e espectroscopia de fluorescência), a 310 K e α-relaxação (temperatura de transição vítrea) ocorre a 380 K (observada por DSC e DMTA).14501461Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Synthesis and photophysical properties of a poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer with carbazolyl side groups

The photophysical properties of solutions and films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) containing 1.6 mol % of randomly distributed pendant ethyl carbazolyl groups have been studied under steady-state and time-resolved conditions. The polymer was prepared by esterification of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) by 9H-carbazole-9-ethanol. At room temperature, the steady-state fluorescence spectrum is attributed to isolated lumophores in solution, but is much more complex in films where emission is detected from isolated groups, ground-state dimers and excimers. At 77 K, emission from both solutions and films contains a component of phosphorescence whose wavelengths overlap fluorescence from excited ground-state dimers and excimers. From the temperature dependence of the steady-state emission spectra of the films, recorded from 30 to 410 K, several types of relaxation processes are identified at temperatures similar to those of unmodified PMMA. Data by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and fluorescence spectroscopy are compared. They include the γ-relaxations from motions of small segments of the chains at 120-130 K (by fluorescence spectroscopy), the β-relaxation from motions of lateral ester groups (by DMTA and fluorescence spectroscopy) at 310 K and α-relaxations (glass transition onset) at 380 K (by DSC and DMTA)

Clinical, dermoscopic and histopathological evaluation of the Meyerson nevus: case report

O nevo de Meyerson ocorre quando uma rara erupção eczematosa focal e transitória surge ao redor de lesões melanocíticas. O mesmo fenômeno também foi observado em lesões não melanocíticas. O caso relatado é o de um doente masculino, 25 anos, que há dois meses notara surgimento de eritema e prurido, circundando dois nevos, localizados no abdome. As lesões eram atípicas à dermatoscopia e procedeu-se à excisão cirúrgica dos dois nevos. O exame histopatológico revelou nevos melanocíticos compostos displásicos, envolvidos por espongiose e vesículas intraepidérmicas. O presente relato sugere que o fenômeno de Meyerson não modifica as características dermatoscópicas dos nevos.Meyerson nevi occur whenever a rare focal and transitory eczematous eruption arises around melanocytic lesions. The same phenomenon has also been observed in non-melanocytic lesions as well. Herein we report the case of a 25 year old, male patient, who had noticed, two months before, the arising of a pruriginous and erithematous halo around two nevi localized on his abdomen. The lesions were found to be atypical on dermoscopic examination and he was submitted to surgical excision of both nevi. Histopathological examination revealed displastic compound melanocytic nevi, surrounded by intraepidermical vesicles and spongiosis. Present report suggests that Meyerson phenomenon does not seem to alter dermoscopic features of nevi

Photophysical properties and quantum chemical studies of poly(2,7-9,9'-dihexylfluorene-dyil)

This work reports the photophysical properties (excitation and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetimes) of the poly(2,7-9,9'-dihexylfluorene-dyil) in dilute solutions of four solvents (toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform and ethyl acetate) as well as the properties in solid state. Photoluminescence showed spectra characteristic of disordered α-backbone chain conformation. Simulation of the electronic absorption spectra of oligomers containing 1 to 11 mers showed that the critical conjugation length is between 6 and 7 mers. We also estimated the theoretical dipole moments which indicated that a coil conformation is formed with 8 repeating units per turn. We also showed that some energy transfer process appears in solid state which decreases the emission lifetime. Furthermore, based on luminescent response of the systems herein studied and electroluminescent behavior reported on literature, both photo and electroluminescence emissions arise from the same emissive units.Este trabalho descreve as propriedades fotofísicas (espectros de excitação e de fluorescência, rendimento quântico e tempo de meia-vida de fluorescência) do poli(2,7-9,9'diexil-fluoreno-diil) em soluções diluídas, de quatro solventes (tolueno, tetraidrofurano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila) e no estado sólido. Os espectros de fotoluminescência são característicos da conformação desordenada da cadeia principal, denominada forma α. Espectros eletrônicos de absorção foram simulados para oligômeros de 1 a 11 meros, indicando que o comprimento crítico de conjugação está entre 6 e 7 meros. Os valores teóricos do momento de dipolo mostraram que a conformação helicoidal formada se repete a cada 8 unidades por volta. Mostra-se ainda que no estado sólido ocorrem processos de transferência de energia que levam a uma diminuição do tempo de meia-vida de fluorescência. Com base nos espectros obtidos, pode-se concluir que a fotoluminescência e a eletroluminescência descrita na literatura são provenientes das mesmas unidades emissoras.FAPESPCNPqUNICAMP - FAEPEXCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)MCT Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia - IMMP/PADC

Photophysical properties and quantum chemical studies of poly(2,7-9,9'-dihexylfluorene-dyil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)This work reports the photophysical properties (excitation and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetimes) of the poly(2,7-9,9'-dihexylfluorene-dyil) in dilute solutions of four solvents (toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform and ethyl acetate) as well as the properties in solid state. Photoluminescence showed spectra characteristic of disordered α-backbone chain conformation. Simulation of the electronic absorption spectra of oligomers containing 1 to 11 mers showed that the critical conjugation length is between 6 and 7 mers. We also estimated the theoretical dipole moments which indicated that a coil conformation is formed with 8 repeating units per turn. We also showed that some energy transfer process appears in solid state which decreases the emission lifetime. Furthermore, based on luminescent response of the systems herein studied and electroluminescent behavior reported on literature, both photo and electroluminescence emissions arise from the same emissive units.Este trabalho descreve as propriedades fotofísicas (espectros de excitação e de fluorescência, rendimento quântico e tempo de meia-vida de fluorescência) do poli(2,7-9,9'diexil-fluoreno-diil) em soluções diluídas, de quatro solventes (tolueno, tetraidrofurano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila) e no estado sólido. Os espectros de fotoluminescência são característicos da conformação desordenada da cadeia principal, denominada forma α. Espectros eletrônicos de absorção foram simulados para oligômeros de 1 a 11 meros, indicando que o comprimento crítico de conjugação está entre 6 e 7 meros. Os valores teóricos do momento de dipolo mostraram que a conformação helicoidal formada se repete a cada 8 unidades por volta. Mostra-se ainda que no estado sólido ocorrem processos de transferência de energia que levam a uma diminuição do tempo de meia-vida de fluorescência. Com base nos espectros obtidos, pode-se concluir que a fotoluminescência e a eletroluminescência descrita na literatura são provenientes das mesmas unidades emissoras.201160166Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)UNICAMP - FAEPEXCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)MCT Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia - IMMP/PADCTFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP_BrasilCAPES_BrasilMinisterio_Ciencia_Tecnologia_BrasilCNPq_BrasilUNICAMP_Brasi

Photophysical properties and quantum chemical studies of poly(2,7-9,9'-dihexylfluorene-dyil)

This work reports the photophysical properties (excitation and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetimes) of the poly(2,7-9,9'-dihexylfluorene-dyil) in dilute solutions of four solvents (toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform and ethyl acetate) as well as the properties in solid state. Photoluminescence showed spectra characteristic of disordered α-backbone chain conformation. Simulation of the electronic absorption spectra of oligomers containing 1 to 11 mers showed that the critical conjugation length is between 6 and 7 mers. We also estimated the theoretical dipole moments which indicated that a coil conformation is formed with 8 repeating units per turn. We also showed that some energy transfer process appears in solid state which decreases the emission lifetime. Furthermore, based on luminescent response of the systems herein studied and electroluminescent behavior reported on literature, both photo and electroluminescence emissions arise from the same emissive units201160166CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoSem informaçãoSem informaçãoEste trabalho descreve as propriedades fotofísicas (espectros de excitação e de fluorescência, rendimento quântico e tempo de meia-vida de fluorescência) do poli(2,7-9,9'diexil-fluoreno-diil) em soluções diluídas, de quatro solventes (tolueno, tetraidrofurano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila) e no estado sólido. Os espectros de fotoluminescência são característicos da conformação desordenada da cadeia principal, denominada forma α. Espectros eletrônicos de absorção foram simulados para oligômeros de 1 a 11 meros, indicando que o comprimento crítico de conjugação está entre 6 e 7 meros. Os valores teóricos do momento de dipolo mostraram que a conformação helicoidal formada se repete a cada 8 unidades por volta. Mostra-se ainda que no estado sólido ocorrem processos de transferência de energia que levam a uma diminuição do tempo de meia-vida de fluorescência. Com base nos espectros obtidos, pode-se concluir que a fotoluminescência e a eletroluminescência descrita na literatura são provenientes das mesmas unidades emissora

Influence of Clostridium butyricum inoculum age on glycerol fermentation / Influência da idade do inóculo de Clostridium butyricum na fermentação de glicerol

The high production of biodiesel in recent years has generated a large amount of crude glycerol that cannot be absorbed and totally process in the industry. In this way, new studies focused on using this residue have become important to promote the development of biodiesel industry. The 1,3- propanediol (1,3-PDO) is an organic compound with bifunctional character that has great potential to be used in several reactions of polymer synthesis. It is usually used in polycondensation to produce polyesters, polyurethanes and polyethers. 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and organic acids are simultaneously produced by Clostridium butyricum growing on glycerol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth kinetics of Clostridium butyricum on glycerol-based medium and to observe the influence of inoculum age on the product formed, such as 1,3-propanediol and butyric acid. The results showed the kinetic stages of the Clostridium butyricum growing on glycerol, however no significant difference between the products formed was observed in different conditions studied.

The 5S rDNA family evolves through concerted and birth-and-death evolution in fish genomes: an example from freshwater stingrays

Background: Ribosomal 5S genes are well known for the critical role they play in ribosome folding and functionality. These genes are thought to evolve in a concerted fashion, with high rates of homogenization of gene copies. However, the majority of previous analyses regarding the evolutionary process of rDNA repeats were conducted in invertebrates and plants. Studies have also been conducted on vertebrates, but these analyses were usually restricted to the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA genes. The recent identification of divergent 5S rRNA gene paralogs in the genomes of elasmobranches and teleost fishes indicate that the eukaryotic 5S rRNA gene family has a more complex genomic organization than previously thought. The availability of new sequence data from lower vertebrates such as teleosts and elasmobranches enables an enhanced evolutionary characterization of 5S rDNA among vertebrates.Results: We identified two variant classes of 5S rDNA sequences in the genomes of Potamotrygonidae stingrays, similar to the genomes of other vertebrates. One class of 5S rRNA genes was shared only by elasmobranches. A broad comparative survey among 100 vertebrate species suggests that the 5S rRNA gene variants in fishes originated from rounds of genome duplication. These variants were then maintained or eliminated by birth-and-death mechanisms, under intense purifying selection. Clustered multiple copies of 5S rDNA variants could have arisen due to unequal crossing over mechanisms. Simultaneously, the distinct genome clusters were independently homogenized, resulting in the maintenance of clusters of highly similar repeats through concerted evolution.Conclusions: We believe that 5S rDNA molecular evolution in fish genomes is driven by a mixed mechanism that integrates birth-and-death and concerted evolution