Erot spatiaalisissa ja ajallisissa reaktionormeissa kevään ja syksyn fenologisille tapahtumille

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the envi- ronmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenu- ate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species’ response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction normsPeer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

The North Asian Genus <i>Kolhymamnicola</i> Starobogatov and Budnikova 1976 (Gastropoda: Amnicolidae), Its Extended Diagnosis, Distribution, and Taxonomic Relationships

The taxonomic position and phylogenetic affinities of the endemic North Asian genus Kolhymamnicola Starobogatov and Budnikova, 1976 (Gastropoda: Amnicolidae) remain unknown. To resolve this, we studied key morpho-anatomical characteristics of Kolhymamnicola snails and performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of COI mtDNA, 16S rRNA, and 18S rRNA genes. In terms of protoconch microsculpture, operculum, radular teeth, and gill complex morphology, Kolhymamnicola snails do not differ significantly from the North American genera Amnicola Gould and Haldeman, 1840 and Taylorconcha Hershler et al., 1994, and the European genus Marstoniopsis van Regteren Altena 1936. The bifid penis found in Kolhymamnicola is similar to that in the genus Marstoniopsis. The female reproductive anatomy has some features shared by Kolhymamnicola and Taylorconcha (absence of bursa copulatrix, single seminal receptacle in rs2′ position, and ventral channel). The molecular analysis has revealed Taylorconcha as the closest relative to Kolhymamnicola; the COI-based genetic distance between them amounted to 0.113. We discuss the possible time of divergence of these two genera, as well as of European Marstoniopsis and the Baikal Lake endemic family Baicaliidae. The last common ancestor of these groups was widely distributed in Miocene–Pliocene in the Holarctic waterbodies. Recent Kolhymamnicola snails are distributed in Northern Asia, including lakes of the Baikal rift zone. We rank the Baicaliidae as a family rather than a subfamily of Amnicolidae based on their distinct, unique morpho-anatomical characteristics and highly supported separate position on the molecular tree. The tribe Erhaiini Davis and Kuo, 1985 is elevated to the rank of the family, with 3–4 recent genera included. The family Palaeobaicaliidae Sitnikova et Vinarski fam. nov. is established to embrace the Cretaceous North Asian gastropods conchologically similar to the recent Baicaliidae and Pyrgulidae

Bioenergy component of seeds and green mass of indian pea in various growing conditions

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of studying cultivars of indian pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) under the conditions of the Nizhnevolzhsky (Saratov) and West Siberian (Omsk) regions of the Russian Federation. Indianpea serves a variety of purposes: compound feed, forage, an alternative source of protein for the population, due to the high protein content in seeds and mature leaves. In the arid conditions of the Russian Federation, the indianpea is able to occupy its own agronomic niche and become an additional source of replenishing cheap protein and improving the quality of the forage base. In this connection, a study of four varieties of the indianpea breeding of the 1Russian Research Institute for Sorghum and Maize "Rossorgo" (Racheika, Zhemchuzhina, Elena, Mramornya) was carried out according to economically valuable parameters, data were obtained on the biochemical composition of seeds and green mass, and an assessment was carried out on bioenergetic parameters. The influence of factors “A”, “B” and their interaction “AB” on the manifestation of signs was noted. According to the results of a two-factor analysis of variance, it follows that the factor of growing conditions (A) has the greatest influence on the seed yield index – 64.2%, and the yield of green mass - the genotype factor (B) - 59.5%. The study revealed a high protein content in seeds (28.3-31.1%) and green mass (21.0-26.3%). Determination of the biochemical composition makes it possible to evaluate varieties in terms of gross energy output with seeds and green mass. According to the parameters of the bioenergetic efficiency of seeds, the best indicators were found in the varieties Elena and Zhemchuzhina. Variety Elena was distinguished by the highest content of total energy in the green mass of 48.0-94.8 GJ/ha. Variety Zhemchuzhina was characterized by the maximum content of total energy in the grown seed crop – 26.0-29.3 GJ/ha, the largest increment in gross energy – 12.6 GJ/ha and the highest energy efficiency coefficient of all four varieties – 1.94

Phenotyping of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) breeding lines in terms of productivity in the Omsk oblast

The article presents the results of studying the main elements of seed productivity in 15 breeding lines of F6-7 generations of lentils obtained from interspecific crossings of varieties Aida (Russia), Vekhovskaya (Russia), Vostochnaya (Russia) and Shyraily (Kazakhstan). The purpose of the study is to research the phenotypic variability of lentil breeding lines according to the elements of the crop structure and select valuable genotypes as sources of productivity to create varieties adapted to the conditions of the region. Phenotyping of the breeding material was carried out in the field and laboratory conditions in 2020-2022 at the training and experimental field of the Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin. During the study period, very dry climatic conditions developed in 2020 (HTC = 0.62) and 2021 (HTC = 0.68), slightly dry - in 2022 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.02). The ecological plasticity of the breeding lines was assessed by the value of the intensity and stability indicators of the stability index.The ecological plasticity of the breeding lines was assessed by the value of the intensity and stability indicators of the stability index. As a result, it was found that 11 genotypes belong to the group of varieties of intensive type, 4 - semi-intensive. Of the 15 lines, only 11 show stable seed productivity in all weather conditions, and 4 are characterized as unstable. Based on the research, valuable genotypes were selected that will be used as sources of seed productivity in further breeding and the creation of new adapted, high-yielding varieties of lentils in the region

TMF/ARA160 Governs the Dynamic Spatial Orientation of the Golgi Apparatus during Sperm Development.

TMF/ARA160 is known to be a TATA element Modulatory Factor (TMF). It was initially identified as a DNA-binding factor and a coactivator of the Androgen receptor. It was also characterized as a Golgi-associated protein, which is essential for acrosome formation during functional sperm development. However, the molecular roles of TMF in this intricate process have not been revealed. Here, we show that during spermiogenesis, TMF undergoes a dynamic change of localization throughout the Golgi apparatus. Specifically, TMF translocates from the cis-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network and to the emerging vesicles surface, as the round spermatids develop. Notably, lack of TMF led to an abnormal spatial orientation of the Golgi and to the deviation of the trans-Golgi surface away from the nucleus of the developing round spermatids. Concomitantly, pro-acrosomal vesicles derived from the TMF-/- Golgi lacked targeting properties and did not tether to the spermatid nuclear membrane thereby failing to form the acrosome anchoring scaffold, the acroplaxome, around the cell-nucleus. Absence of TMF also perturbed the positioning of microtubules, which normally lie in proximity to the Golgi and are important for maintaining Golgi spatial orientation and dynamics and for chromatoid body formation, which is impaired in TMF-/- spermatids. In-silico evaluation combined with molecular and electron microscopic analyses revealed the presence of a microtubule interacting domain (MIT) in TMF, and confirmed the association of TMF with microtubules in spermatogenic cells. Furthermore, the MIT domain in TMF, along with microtubules integrity, are required for stable association of TMF with the Golgi apparatus. Collectively, we show here for the first time that a Golgi and microtubules associated protein is crucial for maintaining proper Golgi orientation during a cell developmental process

TMF^-/- spermatids lack an acroplaxome.

<p>Testicular sections from wt (A-D) and TMF^-/- mice (E-F) were subjected to EM analyses. (A) Stage 2/early 3 wt spermatid. (B) Boxed area in <b>A</b> under higher magnification. The acroplaxome is marked by arrows. (C) Stage 4 wt spermatid. (D) The boxed area in <b>C</b> under higher magnification. The acroplaxome is marked by arrows. (E) Stage 4 TMF^-/- spermatid. (F) The boxed area in <b>E</b> under higher magnification. The supposed localization of the acroplaxome is marked by arrows. Ac = acrosome, Nu = Nucleus. Bars represent 2μm (A, C and E) and 1μm (B, D and F). Each image represents one out of twenty different cells selected from three different sections which gave similar results. Immunocytochemical staining of F-actin (red) and acrosome (green) in round spermatids from wt (G-I) and TMF^-/- (J-L) mice, which were exposed to hypotonic shock.DIC images of the stained spermatids are shown in <b>I</b> and <b>L</b>. Acroplaxome margins are marked by arrows in <b>G</b>. (M) Immunocytochemical staining of F-actin (red) in wt round spermatid. (N) Immunocytochemical staining of F-actin (red) in TMF^-/- round spermatid. (O) Immunocytochemical staining of F-actin (red) and TMF (Green) in wt round spermatid. (P) Immunocytochemical staining of F-actin (red) in wt elongated spermatid. (Q) Immunocytochemical staining of F-actin (red) in TMF^-/- elongated spermatid. DIC images of the spermatids are also shown in <b>P</b> and <b>Q</b>. Nuclei were visualized with Hoechst solution (blue). Bars represent 10μm. Images represent one out of five independently prepared cell suspensions that gave similar staining profiles.</p

TMF resides in the trans-Golgi compartment of stages 6–8 round spermatids.

<p>Testicular sections prepared as described were subjected to IG-EM analysis using anti-TMF specific antibody followed by an anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated to gold particles with a diameter of 10nm (black dots). (A) Stage 6 spermatids. (B) The same spermatid from <b>A</b> under higher magnification showing the positive staining of TMF, which is marked by arrows, in the trans-Golgi and the space between the Golgi and the acrosome. (C) Enlarged boxed area in <b>B</b>. Positive staining of TMF is marked by arrows. (D) Enlarged dashed-boxed area in <b>B</b>. Positive staining of TMF is marked by arrows. (E) A stage 7 spermatid showing the same trans-Golgi localization of TMF, which is marked by arrows. (F) Enlarged boxed area in <b>E</b>. TMF staining is marked by arrows. (G) Stage 8 spermatid showing trans-Golgi and association of TMF along with vesicles association (marked by arrows). (H) Enlarged boxed area in G. Arrows mark TMF associated with the vesicles outer membrane. cG = cis-Golgi, tG = trans-Golgi, Ac = acrosome, Nu = nucleus. Bars represent 1μm (A), 500nm (B-F) and 200nm (G-H). Each image represents one out of twelve different cells selected from three different sections which gave similar results. (I) Comparative quantification of the immuno-gold labeled TMF in the different Golgi compartments. n = 5 (different cells of the same stage from three different sections), histograms represent mean values +/- SD.</p

TMF resides in the cis-Golgi of stages 3–4 round spermatids.

<p>Testicular 80 nm thick sections from 10 weeks old wt mice were subjected to IG-EM analysis using anti-TMF antibodies followed by an anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated to gold particles with a diameter of 10 nm (black dots). (A) Stage 4 spermatids. (B) The same spermatid from <b>A</b> under higher magnification, showing the staining for TMF in the peripheral cis-Golgi (indicated by arrows). (C) Enlarged boxed area in <b>B</b>. TMF staining is marked by arrows. (D) A late stage 3 spermatid showing the same peripheral cis-Golgi localization of TMF. (E) Enlarged Boxed area in <b>D</b>. TMF positive staining is marked by arrows. cG = cis-Golgi, tG = trans-Golgi, Nu = Nucleus, Ac = acrosome. Bars represent 1μm (A), and 500nm (B-E). Each image represents one out of twelve different cells selected from three different sections which gave similar results. (F) Comparative quantification of the immuno-gold labeled TMF in the different Golgi compartments. n = 5 (different cells of the same stage from three different sections), histograms represent mean values +/- SD.</p