Nichtlokale Korrelation in kaonischen Systemen

Die Nichtlokalität von Quantensystemen steht im Mittelpunkt der heutigen Physik. Sie ergibt sich direkt aus dem Superpositionsprinzip. Sie ist eine Eigenschaft, die aus dem Wellencharakter von Quantenobjekten folgt. Die Nichtlokalität gibt uns Physikern noch immer einige Rätsel auf. So hat man durch statistische Messungen mit Hilfe der Bellschen Ungleichungen nachweisen können, dass die Nichtlokalität nicht etwa ein scheinbarer Effekt ist, der nur auf Unkenntnis der wahren Verhältnisse zurückzuführen ist, sondern zu realen Effekten, wie z.B. der Quantenteleportation, führt. Diese Arbeit untersucht die nichtlokalen Korrelationen in kaonischen Systemen in Lichte der zwei Gebiete, nämlich der Teilchen Physik und der Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. Der erste Teil bringt eine Einführung in die neutralen Kaonen. Die Verletzung der CP- Symmetrie (charge, parity) ist für das Verständnis der Elementarteilchenphysik von entscheidender Bedeutung, insbesondere zur Erklärung des Materieüberschusses bei der Teilchen-Antiteilchen Erzeugung im frühen Universium. Durch das Experiment von Christensen, Cronin und Fitch (1964) [1] wissen wir, dass beim Zerfall der neutralen Kaonen die CP- Symmetrie verletzt wird und dies bedeutet, dass auf Grund des CPT Theorems auch die Zeitumkehr T verletzt ist. Weiters wird im ersten Teil auch der Regenerationseffekt der Kaonen abgeleitet. Im zweiten Teil werden die verschränkten Quantensysteme besprochen. Die Standard- Interpretation der Quantenmechanik geht davon aus, dass die quantenmechanische Beschreibung eines Systems im allgemeinen nur statistische Aussagen über einzelne Messungen ermöglicht. Im Jahre 1935 konstuierten Einstein, Podolsky und Rosen [2] unter gewissen Annahmen (insbesondere Lokalität) ein Beispiel, das die Existenz verborgener lokaler Parameter zeigen sollte; dieses Beispiel wird als EPR Paradoxon bezeichnet. 30 Jahre später zeigte Bell [3] in seiner berühmten Ungleichung für bestimmte Messwerte, dass die Annahmen des EPR Paradoxons im Widerspruch zur Quantenmechanik stehen. Diese Ungleichung wurde 1969 von Clauser, Horne, Shimony, und Holt (CHSH) [4] für reale Experimente angepasst. Neben der CHSH-Ungleichung gibt es zahlreiche weitere Ansätze zur Verletzung der Bellschen Ungleichung. Im folgenden werden die Ungleichungen für Zweiteilchensysteme vorgestellt; dies sind CH [5] (Clauser,Horne), Wigner [6], CHSH [4] und Eberhard [7] Ungleichungen. Der dritte Teil bringt die Verwendung der Bell Ungleichungen für neutrale Kaonensysteme. Wir haben die Bell Ungleichungen mit Regenerator durch den Vergleich zwischen dem lokalen Realismus und Quantenmechanik getestet [8]. Damit haben wir zwei spezielle Ungleichungen - CH und Eberhard - näher diskutiert [9, 10, 11]. Zum Schluss wurde ein Loophole für diese speziellen Ungleichungen überprüft [9]. Hatice Tataroglu, Wien 200

Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) in temperature compensation of the Neurospora circadian clock

Circadian clocks are biological oscillators that allow organisms to accurately predict and adjust to the rhythmic changes in the environment which increases their fitness. These oscillators are found in every cell and have three fundamental properties: they are endogenous, entrainable and temperature compensated. The former two properties of the clock are well studied. However, it is currently unknown how clocks accurately keep the time independent of the ambient temperature, a phenomenon known as “temperature compensation”. This is particularly important for poikilothermic organisms that cannot control their body temperature and yet still have accurate circadian clocks. We used Neurospora crassa as a eukaryotic circadian clock model organism and showed that Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) binds and specifically phosphorylates White Collar 1 (WC-1), which is the critical and rate-limiting positive element of the Neurospora clock. We found that these phosphorylations decrease the WC-1 stability in a temperature dependent manner. Our data completes the picture in our current understanding of temperature compensation of circadian clocks and shows that temperature compensation in Neurospora crassa is achieved by opposing functions of two kinases (GSK and CK2) on the positive (WCC) and negative (FRQ) elements of the clock, respectively. Since both kinases are well conserved among eukaryotes, it is also possible that this mechanism of temperature compensation is conserved among other eukaryotic circadian clocks

Brainstem evaluation in children with primary nocturnal enuresis.

We investigated the brainstem integrity in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) using auditory brainstem responses (ABR), blink reflex and exteroceptive suppression of the masseter muscle. We examined 23 children with PNE (16 male, 7 female; mean age: 10.4 years) and 19 control subjects (11 male, 8 female; mean age: 11.8 years). ABR parameters such as wave latencies, amplitudes and interpeak latencies and blink reflex parameters such as R1 and R2 amplitude and latencies were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Although S2 parameters of the exteroceptive suppression of the masseter muscle were easily and completely obtained from the control subjects, in the PNE group S2 onset latency and duration were not recorded in 26% of the study children (n = 6) (P = 0.01). S2 duration time was significantly lowered in the enuretic group (left side: P = 0.001 and right side: P = 0.003). S2 duration time changes in the enuretic group supports a possible brainstem dysfunction in children with PNE.</p

Electrical characterization of MIS diode prepared by magnetron sputtering

TiO2 thin film has been prepared on n-type Si wafer to fabricate an Au/TiO2/n-Si (MIS) diode by RF magnetron sputtering technique. The current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements of the diode have been performed over a wide range of temperatures (240-400 K) and frequencies (10 kHz-1 MHz), respectively. From I-V measurements, an abnormal increase in the barrier height (Φb) and a decrease in the ideality factor (n) with increasing temperature have been observed. This temperature dependence has been attributed to the barrier in homogeneities by assuming a Gaussian distribution (GD) of barrier heights at metal/semiconductor (M/S) interface. Both the conventional and modified Richardson plot show linearity. The activation energy (Ea), Richardson constant (A*) and Φb value have been calculated from the slope and intercept of the linear region. The obtained Richardson constant value of 113.82 A. cm-2. K-2 is in close agreement with the known value of 112 A.cm-2. K-2 for n-Si. The interface state density (Nss) and series resistance (Rs) of the diode has been obtained from the I-V measurements. In addition, the Φb value was determined from C-2-V characteristics. The obtained results indicate that the MIS diode with TiO2 interfacial insulator layer can be used in many device applications

Incidence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) A248C, S249C, G372C, and T375C mutations in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is the most frequent cancer of the urinary system. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) belong to the tyrosine kinase family and have important roles in cell differentiation and proliferation and embryogenesis. FGFR3 is located on chromosome 4p16.3, and missense mutations of FGFR3 are associated with autosomal dominant human skeletal disorders and have some oncogenic effects. We examined the incidence of FGFR3 thanatophoric dysplasia mutations located in exon 7, A248C and S249C, and in exon 10, G372C and T375C, and their correlation with clinical-pathological parameters in bladder carcinoma patients. Fifty-six paraffin-embedded specimens of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were included in this study. Analysis of FGFR3 thanatophoric dysplasia mutations located in exon 7, A248C and S249C, and in exon 10, G372C and T375C, was performed by PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and DNA sequencing. FGFR3 thanatophoric dysplasia mutations located in exon 7, A248C and S249C, and in exon 10, G372C and T375C, were detected in 33 of the 56 patients (heterozygous mutant). Among the 56 transitional cell carcinomas, missense point mutations were detected in seven of them at codon A248C, 28 of them at codon S249C, and three of them at codon T375C, similar to data from previous reports. When the results of the FGFR3 thanatophoric dysplasia mutations located in exon 7, A248C and S249C and in exon 10, G372C and T375C, were analyzed one by one or as a group, despite the findings of previous research reports, our data suggest that these mutations are detected homogenously regardless of the tumor classification and tumor grade. © FUNPEC-RP

Re-irradiation with stereotactic radiotherapy for recurrent high grade glial tumors

Background: Despite the radical treatments applied, recurrence is encountered in the majority of high-grade gliomas (HGG). There is no standard treatment when recurrence is detected, but stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is a preferable alternative. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the efficacy of SRT for recurrent HGG, and to investigate the factors that affect survival. Materials and methods: From 2013 to 2021, a total of 59 patients with 64 lesions were re-irradiated in a single center with the CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System. The primary endpoints of the study were overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS) and local control rates (LCR). Results: The median time to first recurrence was 13 (4–85) months. SRT was performed as a median prescription dose of 30 Gy (range 15–30), with a median of 5 fractions (1–5). The median follow-up time was 4 months (range 1–57). The median OS was 8 (95% CI: 4.66-11.33) months. Age, grade 3, tumor size were associated with better survival. The median PFS was 5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.39–6.60] months. Age, grade 3 and time to recurrence &gt; 9 months were associated with improved PFS. Grade 3 gliomas (p = 0.027), size of tumor &lt; 2 cm (p = 0.008) remained independent prognostic factors for OS in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: SRT is a viable treatment modality with significant survival contribution. Since it may have a favorable prognostic effect on survival in patients with tumor size &lt; 2 cm, we recommend early diagnosis of recurrence and a decision to re-irradiate a smaller tumor during follow-up.

The effects of exogenous l-carnitine on lipid peroxidation and tissue damage in an experimental warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury model

AbstractBackground: l-Carnitine is the essential endogenous factor for the transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm to within the mitochondrion where the β-oxidation process takes place. l-Carnitine is a superoxide scavenger and an antioxidant that possesses an anti-ischemic action and a stabilizing effect on cell membranes. It may be of help in liver ischemia reperfusion injury. Results regarding the effects of l-carnitine on liver ischemia and reperfusion injury are few and conflicting.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of exogenous l-carnitine on lipid peroxidation and protecting liver at different stages of experimental total warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (TWHIR) procedure in rats.Methods: This experimental study in healthy, weanling, male Wistar rats (weighing 180–200 g) was conducted at the Experimental Animal Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine of Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: (A) Control group; (B) TWHIR procedure only; (C) l-carnitine administered 2 hours before the TWHIR procedure; (D) l-carnitine administered just before the TWHIR procedure; and (E) l-carnitine administered after total warm hepatic ischemia but just before the reperfusion procedure. Total warm hepatic ischemia (via the Pringle maneuver) and reperfusion were performed for 45 and 30 minutes, respectively. l-Carnitine (200 mg/kg) was administered intravenously. At the end of each procedure a blood sample was drawn and total hepatectomy was performed following reperfusion. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels of both plasma and liver tissue, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in plasma, and histopathologic examination were analyzed to assess lipid peroxidation and damage in liver tissue.Results: Thirty-four rats (mean [SD]age, 59.26 [1.2]days; mean [SD] weight, 194.1 [5.1] g) were used in the study. There was a significant difference observed between groups A (n = 5) and B (n = 5) for all evaluation parameters. The TWHIR procedure performed in group B was associated with significant increases versus baseline in ALT, AST, MDA, and MPO in plasma, and MDA and MPO in liver tissue, but a significant decrease of TAOC in plasma. ALT, AST, serum and liver MDA, and MPO levels of group B were significantly higher than all groups administered l-carnitine. l-Carnitine administration between total warm hepatic ischemia and reperfusion was associated with a significant attenuation in all parameters. The liver MDA levels of groups C (n = 8) and D (n = 8) were significantly lower than that of group E (n = 8) (mean [SD]: C, 16.53 [3.32] and D, 18.28 [1.67] vs E, 23.05 [3.52]; P = 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). The mean (SD) liver MPO level of group C (1.09 [0.16]) was significantly lower than that of groups D (2.12 [0.25]) and E (2.11 [0.28]) (both, P = 0.001). The TAOC of group B (0.77 [0.12]) was significantly lower than that of groups C (1.34 [0.19]) and D (1.08 [0.20]) (P = 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). The TAOC of group C was significantly higher than that of the other l-carnitine groups (E, 0.94 [0.13]) (P = 0.023 vs group D; and P = 0.001 vs group E). Histopathologic scores of groups A, C, and E were significantly lower than that of group B, but the difference between groups B and D was not statistically significant.Conclusions: In this experimental study, administration of exogenous l-carnitine was associated with significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in plasma and liver tissue when administered prior to a TWHIR procedure. In addition, l-carnitine seemed to be more effective with regard to decreasing lipid peroxidation in liver tissue when administered before warm hepatic ischemia. l-Carnitine was associated with significantly decreased leukocyte sequestration in plasma and liver tissue. A significant increase in TAOC was associated with l-carnitine administered prior to ischemia. These observations suggest that l-carnitine might have a protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver tissue

Mast cells and eosinophils in invasive breast carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inflammatory cells in the tumour stroma has gained increasing interest recently. Thus, we aimed to study the frequency and prognostic impact of stromal mast cells and tumour infiltrating eosinophils in invasive breast carcinomas.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Tissue microarrays containing 234 cases of invasive breast cancer were prepared and analysed for the presence of stromal mast cells and eosinophils. Tumour infiltrating eosinophils were counted on hematoxylin-eosin slides. Immunostaining for tryptase was done and the total number of mast cells were counted and correlated to the proliferation marker Ki 67, positivity for estrogen and progesterone receptors, clinical parameters and clinical outcome.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Stromal mast cells were found to correlate to low grade tumours and estrogen receptor positivity. There was a total lack of eosinophils in breast cancer tumours.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A high number of mast cells in the tumours correlated to low-grade tumours and estrogen receptor positivity. Eosinophils are not tumour infiltrating in breast cancers.</p

CRTC Potentiates Light-independent timeless Transcription to Sustain Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila

Light is one of the strongest environmental time cues for entraining endogenous circadian rhythms. Emerging evidence indicates that CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 1 (CRTC1) is a key player in this pathway, stimulating light-induced Period1 (Per1) transcription in mammalian clocks. Here, we demonstrate a light-independent role of Drosophila CRTC in sustaining circadian behaviors. Genomic deletion of the crtc locus causes long but poor locomotor rhythms in constant darkness. Overexpression or RNA interference-mediated depletion of CRTC in circadian pacemaker neurons similarly impairs the free-running behavioral rhythms, implying that Drosophila clocks are sensitive to the dosage of CRTC. The crtc null mutation delays the overall phase of circadian gene expression yet it remarkably dampens light-independent oscillations of TIMELESS (TIM) proteins in the clock neurons. In fact, CRTC overexpression enhances CLOCK/CYCLE (CLK/CYC)-activated transcription from tim but not per promoter in clock-less S2 cells whereas CRTC depletion suppresses it. Consistently, TIM overexpression partially but significantly rescues the behavioral rhythms in crtc mutants. Taken together, our data suggest that CRTC is a novel co-activator for the CLK/CYC-activated tim transcription to coordinate molecular rhythms with circadian behaviors over a 24-hour time-scale. We thus propose that CRTC-dependent clock mechanisms have co-evolved with selective clock genes among different species.ope