20 research outputs found

    Immune evasion strategies used by Helicobacter pylori

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    Intravaginal poly-(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-(polyethylene glycol) drug-delivery nanoparticles induce pro-inflammatory responses with Candida albicans infection in a mouse model.

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    In a recent study, using an in vitro model to study intravaginal nanoparticle exposure during yeast infections, we demonstrated that C. albicans exposure suppressed apoptotic gene expression and induced oxidative stress and pyroptosis in vaginal epithelial cells. The mucous-penetrating drug delivery nanoparticles made from poly-(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-(polyethylene glycol) induced cytotoxicity by activating apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and DNA damage repair responses alone and, in some cases with C. albicans. In the current study we evaluated the effects of fluorescently-labelled nanoparticles in CBA/J mice challenged intravaginally for two hours followed by intravaginal challenge with C. albicans for 18 hours. Nanoparticle treatment increased systemic translocation of C. albicans threefold in the heart. C. albicans also increased systemic distribution of the nanoparticles fivefold in the heart. Flow cytometric assays showed co-localization of the nanoparticles with epithelial cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Nanoparticle-treated, C. albicans-infected mice exhibited induction of autophagy, ER stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory serum cytokines. C. albicans infection was associated with pyroptosis and suppressed expression of ER stress and apoptosis-related genes. Induction of apoptosis during nanoparticle treatment and in nanoparticle-treated-C. albicans infected mice was observed as DNA damage responses, mitochondrial depolarization and (Poly [ADP-Ribose] Polymerase) cleavage. C. albicans infection was associated with increased mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Both C. albicans infection and nanoparticle treatment showed enhanced chemoattraction of dendritic cells and polymorphonuclear cells to factors in vaginal washings in a chemotaxis assay. This study shows that both intravaginal treatment of mice with the nanoparticles and infection with C. albicans induce cytotoxic and inflammatory responses. C. albicans also suppressed cell apoptosis. These results clarify our understanding of how nanoparticles modulate host cellular responses during C. albicans infection and will be applicable for future research and development of intravaginal nanomedicines

    Ehrlichia chaffeensis TRP120 Activates Canonical Notch Signaling To Downregulate TLR2/4 Expression and Promote Intracellular Survival

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    Ehrlichia chaffeensis preferentially targets mononuclear phagocytes and survives through a strategy of subverting innate immune defenses, but the mechanisms are unknown. We have shown E. chaffeensis type 1 secreted tandem repeat protein (TRP) effectors are involved in diverse molecular pathogen-host interactions, such as the TRP120 interaction with the Notch receptor-cleaving metalloprotease ADAM17. In the present study, we demonstrate E. chaffeensis, via the TRP120 effector, activates the canonical Notch signaling pathway to promote intracellular survival. We found that nuclear translocation of the transcriptionally active Notch intracellular domain (NICD) occurs in response to E. chaffeensis or recombinant TRP120, resulting in upregulation of Notch signaling pathway components and target genes notch1, adam17, hes, and hey. Significant differences in canonical Notch signaling gene expression levels (>40%) were observed during early and late stages of infection, indicating activation of the Notch pathway. We linked Notch pathway activation specifically to the TRP120 effector, which directly interacts with the Notch metalloprotease ADAM17. Using pharmacological inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against γ-secretase enzyme, Notch transcription factor complex, Notch1, and ADAM17, we demonstrated that Notch signaling is required for ehrlichial survival. We studied the downstream effects and found that E. chaffeensis TRP120-mediated activation of the Notch pathway causes inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways required for PU.1 and subsequent Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) expression. This investigation reveals a novel mechanism whereby E. chaffeensis exploits the Notch pathway to evade the host innate immune response for intracellular survival

    Modélisation mathématique de la décantation de boue rouge

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    Ce document décrit le travail de recherche menant à la conception d'un modèle mathématique décrivant la décantation de la boue rouge dans un épaississeur industriel. Tout d'abord, la décantation de la boue rouge est située dans le procédé Bayer de production d'alumine. On y indique que l'opération économique du procédé Bayer passe par la bonne performance de la décantation de la boue rouge. En effet, une décantation performante permet d'obtenir une bonne séparation entre la liqueur et la boue rouge diminuant ainsi les besoins en filtration. Une séparation efficace permet aussi de diminuer les volumes de boue à laver et à entreposer. Ceci diminue les coûts et diminue aussi l'impact sur l'environnement. Ensuite, les concepts physiques gouvernant la décantation tels la floculation, la sédimentation, et le compactage sont introduits. Ces concepts sont par la suite mis en équations et solutionnés numériquement. Les premiers résultats présentés décrivent la modélisation de la décantation à l'échelle du laboratoire, dans un cylindre gradué où la décantation se fait en fournée; et ensuite dans un décanteur miniature où la décantation se fait en continu comme dans les équipements industriels. Une comparaison entre les mesures et les simulations est présentée. Les observations expérimentales sont bien décrites par les simulations, validant ainsi l'approche utilisée et les sous-modèles choisis. Finalement, la modélisation mathématique d'un épaississeur industriel pleine grandeur est discutée. Une étude paramétrique portant sur l'effet de varier les douze variables de procédé et de conception suivantes est ensuite réalisée : diamètre des particules, débit de sousverse, concentration en solide à l'alimentation, débit d'alimentation, vitesse de l'alimentation, hauteur du tuyau d'alimentation, hauteur de l'anneau du puits d'alimentation, largeur de l'anneau du puits d'alimentation, rayon du puits d'alimentation, hauteur du puits d'alimentation, rayon de l'épaississeur et hauteur de l'épaississeur. Les impacts des changements dans les valeurs de ces variables sont établis à partir des paramètres suivants mettant en évidence la bonne performance des épaississeurs de boue rouge : position de l'interface de boue, vitesse verticale moyenne, distribution du solide dans le puits, rapport de recirculation liquide, rapport de dilution du solide, taux de cisaillement dans le puits et temps de résidence dans le puits. Cette étude permet d'identifier les quatre variables critiques suivantes ayant un impact important sur la performance d'un épaississeur de boue rouge : le diamètre des particules, le débit d'alimentation, le rayon du puits d'alimentation et le rayon de l'épaississeur. Le diamètre des particules et le débit d'alimentation sont des variables de procédé qui doivent être contrôlées en tout temps pour obtenir la performance attendue de l'épaississeur. Le rayon du puits d'alimentation et celui de l'épaississeur sont des variables de conception qui sont fixées en fonction des cibles d'opération prévues lors de la conception de l'équipement. Les autres variables décrites plus haut ont un impact moins grand sur la performance d'un épaississeur de boue rouge

    Recognition of PG by NOD1 causes induction of B7-H1 expression by GEC.

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    <p>(A) B7-H1 mRNA expression was analyzed using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in AGS cells. RNA was isolated from untreated and 2-h iEDAP (dipeptide present in PG) treated (10 μg/mL) cells. mRNA level for B7-H1 was normalized to 18S and compared to the level of B7-H1 mRNA of untreated AGS cells. N = 9, *<i>P</i> < 0.05. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of AGS cells stained for B7-H1 after exposure to 10 μg/mL iEDAP for 24-h showed increased expression in a representative histogram for AGS cells where the solid peak is the isotype control and (C) GECs were treated with NOD1 siRNA to knockdown NOD1 or with control siRNA and B7-H1 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry after iEDAP (10 μg/mL) stimulation. The means are shown as the results of duplicates in four experiments, n = 8,*<i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

    B7-H1 expression in mouse GEC and <i>in vivo</i> model depends on <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> T4SS.

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    <p>(A) ImSt cells infected with different ratio of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> PMSS1:ImSt (1:1. 10:1, 30:1) for 24-h showed dose dependent upregulation of B7-H1 when analyzed by flow cytomery. (B) ImSt cells infected with PMSS1 strain (contains functional T4SS) showed higher expression of B7-H1 compared with cells infected with SS1 strain (lacks functional T4SS) as analyzed by flow cytometry. (C) C57BL/6 mice were challenged with <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> strain PMSS1, or with <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> SS1. Gastric mononuclear cells were isolated four weeks after <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> challenge using enzymatic digestion and level of the B7-H1 expressing epithelial cells (EpCam+) in the gastric mucosa from the cells was measured by flow cytometry.</p

    <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> uses its T4SS for T<sub>reg</sub> cell induction and bacterial persistence.

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    <p>WT and B7-H1<sup>-/-</sup> C57BL/6 mice were challenged with <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> strain PMSS1, or with <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> SS1. Mice were sacrificed after 4 weeks of infection. (A) Blood were collected and IL-10 was analyzed using luminex bead array. Data represents as mean ± SD (n = 12); *<i>P <</i>. <i>05</i>. Expression of (B) IL-10 and (C) FoxP3 mRNA in the mouse stomach was done by RT-PCR. (D) Infection rate was determined by quantification of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> genome copy per half of antrum based on the analysis of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> 16S gene amplification by real time PCR. Average bar of infection rate were calculated from five mice per group and demonstrated as a mean ± SD.</p
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