Dissipation and amplification in quantum optics

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A survey of the policies of the United States towards Iraq since 1998: from inconsistency to malaise

The policy of the United States towards Iraq since the commencement of Operation Desert Fox (16 December 1998) is both confusing, and confused. President Saddam Husayn of Iraq is succeeding in a propaganda war against the United States as Western allies are withdrawing their support for unremitting bombings and sanctions. Washington needs to take strong, decisive, and immediate action. It must either provide real material support for Husyan’s ouster, or Washington must take the leadership role in trying to give the newly-formed United Nations weapons inspection commission (UNMOVIC), the necessary political and technical tools to renew its mandate because Iraq’s development of weapons of mass destruction is currently unmonitored. In the first section of my paper I will analyze the United States’ declared policy or policies on Iraq, immediately prior to and after Desert Fox. I will also highlight the contradictions in these policies by comparing and contrasting Washington’s official policies (stated at international forums) with the policies rooted in the Iraq Liberation Act of 31 October 1998. In the second section of the paper, I will review the policies of the United States leading to and after the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1284 (17 December 1999) which established UNMOVIC. I will argue that the inherent contradictions in U.S. policy on Iraq, which are partly responsible for the inability of UNMOVIC to return to Iraq, may have dire security consequences for several key states in the Middle East. The situation in Iraq has already damaged the norms of future international arms control mechanisms and the cohesiveness of the resolve of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to deal with belligerent states such as Iraq in the future. Moreover, the current American-led sanctions on Iraq are destroying the fabric of the Iraqi society, which not only is causing a humanitarian catastrophe, but also is responsible for systematically eliminating the Iraqi middle class. An Iraqi middle class is a prerequisite if a transformation to democracy can ever come into existence. I will conclude by offering recommendations on how the United States can lead UN efforts in reestablishing an effective weapons mentoring regime in Iraq while simultaneously assisting the Iraqi society find an alternative to the regime of Saddam Husayn.Mesa 3: Estados Unidos e IrakInstituto de Relaciones Internacionale

Overgroups of the Automorphism Group of the Rado Graph

We are interested in overgroups of the automorphism group of the Rado graph. One class of such overgroups is completely understood; this is the class of reducts. In this article we tie recent work on various other natural overgroups, in particular establishing group connections between them and the reducts.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure

A survey of the policies of the United States towards Iraq since 1998: from inconsistency to malaise

The policy of the United States towards Iraq since the commencement of Operation Desert Fox (16 December 1998) is both confusing, and confused. President Saddam Husayn of Iraq is succeeding in a propaganda war against the United States as Western allies are withdrawing their support for unremitting bombings and sanctions. Washington needs to take strong, decisive, and immediate action. It must either provide real material support for Husyan’s ouster, or Washington must take the leadership role in trying to give the newly-formed United Nations weapons inspection commission (UNMOVIC), the necessary political and technical tools to renew its mandate because Iraq’s development of weapons of mass destruction is currently unmonitored. In the first section of my paper I will analyze the United States’ declared policy or policies on Iraq, immediately prior to and after Desert Fox. I will also highlight the contradictions in these policies by comparing and contrasting Washington’s official policies (stated at international forums) with the policies rooted in the Iraq Liberation Act of 31 October 1998. In the second section of the paper, I will review the policies of the United States leading to and after the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1284 (17 December 1999) which established UNMOVIC. I will argue that the inherent contradictions in U.S. policy on Iraq, which are partly responsible for the inability of UNMOVIC to return to Iraq, may have dire security consequences for several key states in the Middle East. The situation in Iraq has already damaged the norms of future international arms control mechanisms and the cohesiveness of the resolve of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to deal with belligerent states such as Iraq in the future. Moreover, the current American-led sanctions on Iraq are destroying the fabric of the Iraqi society, which not only is causing a humanitarian catastrophe, but also is responsible for systematically eliminating the Iraqi middle class. An Iraqi middle class is a prerequisite if a transformation to democracy can ever come into existence. I will conclude by offering recommendations on how the United States can lead UN efforts in reestablishing an effective weapons mentoring regime in Iraq while simultaneously assisting the Iraqi society find an alternative to the regime of Saddam Husayn.Mesa 3: Estados Unidos e IrakInstituto de Relaciones Internacionale

Multicoloured Random Graphs: Constructions and Symmetry

This is a research monograph on constructions of and group actions on countable homogeneous graphs, concentrating particularly on the simple random graph and its edge-coloured variants. We study various aspects of the graphs, but the emphasis is on understanding those groups that are supported by these graphs together with links with other structures such as lattices, topologies and filters, rings and algebras, metric spaces, sets and models, Moufang loops and monoids. The large amount of background material included serves as an introduction to the theories that are used to produce the new results. The large number of references should help in making this a resource for anyone interested in beginning research in this or allied fields.Comment: Index added in v2. This is the first of 3 documents; the other 2 will appear in physic

Switching with more than two colours

AbstractThe operation of switching a finite graph was introduced by Seidel, in the study of strongly regular graphs. We may conveniently regard a graph as being a 2-colouring of a complete graph; then the extension to switching of an m-coloured complete graph is easy to define. However, the situation is very different. For m>2, all m-coloured graphs lie in the same switching class. However, there are still interesting things to say, especially in the infinite case.This paper presents the basic theory of switching with more than two colours. In the finite case, all graphs on a given set of vertices are equivalent under switching, and we determine the structure of the switching group and show that its extension by the symmetric group on the vertex set is primitive.In the infinite case, there is more than one switching class; we determine all those for which the group of switching automorphisms is the symmetric group. We also exhibit some other cases (including the random m-coloured complete graph) where the group of switching-automorphisms is highly transitive.Finally we consider briefly the case where not all switchings are allowed. For convenience, we suppose that there are three colours of which two may be switched. We show that, in the case of almost all finite random graphs, the analogue of the bijection between switching classes and two-graphs holds