A climatology of surface ozone in the extra tropics: cluster analysis of observations and model results

Important aspects of the seasonal variations of surface ozone are discussed. The underlying analysis is based on the long-term (1990–2004) ozone records of the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and the World Data Centre of Greenhouse Gases, which provide data mostly for the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonal variations are pronounced at most of the 114 locations at all times of the day. A seasonal-diurnal variations classification using hierarchical agglomeration clustering reveals 6 distinct clusters: clean background, rural, semi-polluted non-elevated, semi-polluted semi-elevated, elevated and polar/remote marine. For the "clean background" cluster the seasonal maximum is observed in March-April, both for night and day. For those sites with a double maximum or a wide spring-summer maximum, the spring maximum appears both for day and night, while the summer maximum is more pronounced for daytime and hence can be attributed to photochemical processes. The spring maximum is more likely caused by dynamical/transport processes than by photochemistry as it is observed in spring for all times of the day. We compare the identified clusters with corresponding data from the 3-D atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1 covering the period of 1998–2005. For the model output as for the measurements 6 clusters are considered. The simulation shows at most of the sites a spring seasonal maximum or a broad spring-summer maximum (with higher summer mixing ratios). For southern hemispheric and polar remote locations the seasonal maximum in the simulation is shifted to spring, while the absolute mixing ratios are in good agreement with the measurements. The seasonality in the model cluster covering background locations is characterized by a pronounced spring (April–May) maximum. For the model clusters which cover rural and semi-polluted sites the role of the photochemical production/destruction seems to be overestimated. Taking into consideration the differences in the data sampling procedure, the comparison demonstrates the ability of the model to reproduce the main regimes of surface ozone variations quite well

Evaluation of cardioprotective effects of the incritinmimetics exenatideand vildagliptin in the experiment

The results of experimental and clinical trials make it clear that incretin mimetics possess pleiotropic effects and demonstrate the value in terms of assessment of their potential opportunities as cardioprotectors. Goals: To study the cardioprotective effects of exenatide and vildagliptin on the model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopath

Pharmacological preconditioning by incretinomimetics exenatide and vildagliptin: decrement of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury

Study of hepatoprotective activity of exenatide and vildagliptin on the liver ischemia/reperfusion model, taking into account biochemical and morphological parameter

Approaches to vaccine prophilaxis of respiratory infections in patients with diabetes mellitus in the modern epidemiological situation

This review highlights the problems of vaccine prophylaxis of pneumococcal infection and influenza in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (CD1 and CD2). The features of pneumococcal infection and influenza in conditions of unsatisfactory compensation of the disease are described. The necessity of protection against pneumococcal infection and influenza in the modern epidemiological situation is justified. Results of efficacy and safety of vaccination, including those in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, are established. The existing foreign and domestic regulatory documents on vaccine prevention of actual infections are shown.Despite the available documents on vaccination of patients with diabetes, there are problems with inadequate immunization coverage of patients with CD1 and CD2 due to the lack of precise clinical recommendations for the management of these categories both inpatient and outpatient as these recommendations do not cover the questions of vaccine prophylaxis. In Russian studies only the treatment regimens are evaluated without taking into account the fact that vaccines are related to medicines and that the prevention of respiratory infections is a curative measure and can inhibit the development of complications of diabetes.It is necessary to coordinate the work of general practitioners, pediatricians, therapists and the efforts of endocrinologists to increase the coverage of immunization of patients with various forms of diabetes mellitus

Diversity and distribution of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes on aspen (Populus tremula) in the middle boreal forests of Republic of Karelia (Russia)

The distribution of epiphytic bryophyte and lichen species growing on aspen in the middle boreal forests was studied in southern Karelia (Russia). These forests varied in time-since-disturbance from 80 to 450 years. Two hundred twenty two species of epiphytes, including 178 lichens, 32 mosses and 12 liverworts, were recorded on 192 aspen trees in forests over 24 ha, in the Karelian part of the Vodlozero National Park, Kivach Strict Nature Reserve, Kizhi Sanctuary and Petrozavodsk City. Arthonia biatoricola, A. excipienda and Biatoridium monasteriense were collected in Karelia for the first time. Eighteen rare species (lichens Anaptychia ciliaris, Arthonia vinosa, Bryoria nadvornikiana, Chaenotheca gracilenta, C. stemonea, Lecidea albofuscescens, Lobaria pulmonaria, Melanelixia subaurifera, Nephroma bellum, N. laevigatum, Phaeocalicium populneum, Ramalina thrausta, Rostania occultata, Scytinium subtile, Usnea barbata, mosses Neckera pennata, Plagiomnium drummondii and liverwort Lejeunea cavifolia) listed in the Red Data Book of Republic of Karelia (2007) were found. Relationships between epiphytic lichen and bryophyte species richness and certain environmental variables (at different trunk heights above ground and time-since-disturbance) were evaluated. Lichens and mosses on aspen trunks often occupy different ecological niches. Cover and diversity of bryophytes was high on trunk bases, while the number of lichen species and their cover were higher at a height of 1.3 m above ground level. The total number of lichen species on aspen increased on average from 40 to 60 species per ha with increasing time-since-disturbance from 100 to 450 years. A stabilization in lichen species number was observed at about 200 years since disturbance. No significant correlation was determined between bryophyte diversity on aspens and the time-since-disturbance.

Effect of pharmacological preconditioning with incretinomimetics exenatide and vildagliptin on the survival of ischemic tissues

Currently, much attention is paid to the pleiotropic effects of entretenimiento. Study of the protective effect exenatide and valdiation with pharmacological correction of ischemic myocardial damage, damage of liver and skin graft during the experiment. During the experimental study we used a comprehensive approach to the study of the antiischemic effects of entretenimento: doksorubitsinola model of cardiomyopathy, hypo/reperfusion of the isolated heart, ischemia/reperfusion of the liver and the modeling of the skin flap on the supply le

Formation of a disk structure in the symbiotic binary AX Per during its 2007-10 precursor-type activity

AX Per is an eclipsing symbiotic binary. During active phases, deep narrow minima are observed in its light curve, and the ionization structure in the binary changes significantly. From 2007.5, AX Per entered a new active phase. It was connected with a significant enhancement of the hot star wind. Simultaneously, we identified a variable optically thick warm (Teff ~ 6000 K) source that contributes markedly to the composite spectrum. The source was located at the hot star's equator and has the form of a flared disk, whose outer rim simulates the warm photosphere. The formation of the neutral disk-like zone around the accretor during the active phase was connected with its enhanced wind. We suggested that this connection represents a common origin of the warm pseudophotospheres that are indicated during the active phases of symbiotic stars.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 8 tables, accepted for A&

Evaluation morphological changes in temporo-mandibular joints with experimental animals in the process of modeling fibrous ankylosis and the impact of transkranial electric stimulation on them

The results of morphological changes in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with 30 experimental animals in the process of modeling fibrous ankylosis are given in the article. The analysis of the results obtained has shown the positive impact of transkranial electric stimulation (TES-therapy) which reduced the destructive processes in bone tissue of mandibular head and mandibular fossa thus accelerating the process of their restructuring and the promotion of osteogenesis process compared to the fabrics of TMJ with experimental animals to whom the TES-therapy has not been applied