Law and Order Statistics in the Third World

This paper is about the unreliability of crime statistics in developing countries. There are many operational, technical, institutional, social and cultural reasons for these inaccuracies. What the police do when an offence is reported and whether they treat it as a crime is the most critical factor determining the nature and extent of law and order records. Much crime goes unreported because of distance, environmental conditions, diffidence, fear of retribution and distrust or lack of confidence in the police. Many other offences, though reported, are never recorded because of incompetence, corruption and an unwillingness on the part of the police to become embroiled in domestic conflicts. And many crimes are not considered as crimes because the offences relate to traditional customs that form part of long accepted tribal and religious codes of behaviour. At the same time minor infringements of the law and petty contraventions are actively pursued by the police. The resulting crime statistics thus provide a dubious and inadequate basis for the formulation of policies of social development and reform

Three studies in East African criminology

CONTENTS: Some problems of East African crime statistics -- The selective use of legal systems in East Africa -- Rural crime in Uganda – some theoretical issues </p

Electrochemical Switching in Conducting Polymers – Printing Paper Electronics

During the last 30 years a new research and technology field of organic electronic materials has grown thanks to a groundbreaking discovery made during the late 70’s. This new field is today a worldwide research effort focusing on exploring a new class of materials that also enable many new areas of electronics applications. The reason behind the success of organic electronics is the flexibility to develop materials with new functionalities via clever chemical design and the possibility to use low‐cost production techniques to manufacture devices. This thesis reports different aspects of electrochemical applications of organic electronics. We have shown that the color contrast in reflective and transmissive electrochromic displays can be almost doubled by adding an extra electrochromic polymer. The choice of electrochromic material was found to be limited by its electrochemical over‐oxidation (ECO) properties, which is one of the main degradation mechanisms found in displays. The irreversible and non‐conducting nature of over‐oxidized films encouraged us to use it in a novel patterning process in which polythiophene films can be patterned through local and controlled deactivation of the conductivity. ECO can be combined with various patterning tools such as screen printing for low‐cost roll‐to‐roll manufacturing or photolithography, which enables patterning of small features. Studies have shown that electronic conductivity contrasts beyond 107 can be achieved, which is enough for various simple electronic systems. To generate better understanding of the ECO phenomenon, the effect of pH on the over‐oxidation characteristics was studied. The results suggest that a part of the mechanism for over‐oxidation depends on the OH– concentration of the electrolyte used. Over‐oxidation has also been used in electrochemical loggers, where the temperature and time dependence of the propagation of an over‐oxidation front is used to monitor and record the temperature of a package.Dagligen kommer vi i kontakt med olika plastmaterial. Dessa har vanligtvis mycket dålig elektrisk ledningsförmåga och används oftast som isolerande material. Det finns dock en klass av plaster som är halvledande eller ledande. Sedan upptäckten av dessa material för mer än 30 år sedan har nya material och användningsområden utvecklats och nu börjar de första produkterna baserad på organisk elektronik komma ut på marknaden. En stor fördel med de ledande plasterna är att egenskaperna kan anpassas genom att ändra den kemiska strukturen. Man kan dessutom lösa upp dem och skapa ledande bläck, som sedan kan användas i vanliga tryckmaskiner. Detta gör det möjligt att på ett enkelt och billigt sätt tillverka elektronik på liknande sätt som till exempel tidningar trycks idag. Den här avhandlingen behandlar en del av det nya området som berör elektrokemiska komponenter och några av dess tillämpningar. Fokus ligger främst på billig, tryckt elektronik. Bland annat presenteras ett sätt att fördubbla kontrasten för tryckta pappersdisplayer, ett nytt sätt att mönstra ledande plaster och elektrokemisk temperaturloggningsetikett som kan övervaka temperaturen för förpackningar under transport. Den mekanism som förstör ledningsförmågan vid höga spänningar har varit ett återkommande inslag i de studier som har genomförts här. Denna mekanism förstör komponenterna under drift men kan också användas för att ta bort ledningsförmågan som mönstringsmetod eller för att lagra information, permanent, i temperaturloggningsetiketten

The Limitations of an Ecumenical Language. The case of Ki-Swahili

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Seeking A Good Life. Religion and Society in Usukuma, Tanzania. 1945-1995

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Alternative Methodologies for Research Work with Children: Parallel Distributed Processing as a New Possibility or Another Dead End

qualitative, observer bias, unrestricted factors,