The neglected diseases and the social determinants of health in the context of research in teaching

Este trabalho tem a intenção de servir como um referencial no campo das doenças negligenciadas, bem como enriquecer a formação de professores e investigadores da área de ensino. Nesse sentido, destacamos a importância dos determinantes sociais da saúde no que se refere à compreensão da realidade a partir dos referenciais apontados pelos conhecimentos populares. Como acreditamos que a sensibilização do sujeito quanto ao poder transformador de suas ações por meio do conhecimento apreendido durante o processo ensino-aprendizagem é capaz de contribuir para a emancipação dos grupos dos quais participa, escolhemos educação e cultura entre os diferentes determinantes. Outros determinantes sociais da saúde também são mencionados ao longo do texto, pois mesmo que não sejam o objetivo deste trabalho entendemos que os seus aspectos complementares permitem as transformações esperadas a partir dos enfoques em atenção, prevenção e promoção da saúde.This work has the intention to serve as a reference in the field of neglected diseases and to contribute to training of teachers and researchers in the teaching area. In this sense, we highlight the importance of social determinants of health in relation to the comprehension of reality from the references cited by popular knowledge. As we believe that the awareness of a person about the transformative power of his actions through the acquired knowledge during the teaching-learning process is able to contribute to the emancipation of groups in which it participates, we chose education and culture between the different determinants. Other social determinants of health are also mentioned in the text, because although they are not the goal of this work we understand that their complementary aspects allow the expected changes from the approaches of care, prevention and health promotion

Microglia/Astrocytes–Glioblastoma Crosstalk: Crucial Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Factors

In recent years, the functions of glial cells, namely, astrocytes and microglia, have gained prominence in several diseases of the central nervous system, especially in glioblastoma (GB), the most malignant primary brain tumor that leads to poor clinical outcomes. Studies showed that microglial cells or astrocytes play a critical role in promoting GB growth. Based on the recent findings, the complex network of the interaction between microglial/astrocytes cells and GB may constitute a potential therapeutic target to overcome tumor malignancy. In the present review, we summarize the most important mechanisms and functions of the molecular factors involved in the microglia or astrocytes–GB interactions, which is particularly the alterations that occur in the cell’s extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. We overview the cytokines, chemokines, neurotrophic, morphogenic, metabolic factors, and non-coding RNAs actions crucial to these interactions. We have also discussed the most recent studies regarding the mechanisms of transportation and communication between microglial/astrocytes – GB cells, namely through the ABC transporters or by extracellular vesicles. Lastly, we highlight the therapeutic challenges and improvements regarding the crosstalk between these glial cells and GB

Features of Neutrophils From Atopic and Non-Atopic Elite Endurance Runners

We collected peripheral blood from thirty-nine elite male endurance runners at rest (24 hours after the last exercise session) and used the Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes score and plasma specific IgE level to separate them into atopic and non-atopic athletes. Neutrophils obtained from atopic and non-atopic athletes were subsequently stimulated in vitro with fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), or PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Neutrophils from non-atopic runners responded appropriately to LPS, as evidenced by the production of pro (IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Neutrophils from atopic elite runners exhibited lower responses to LPS stimulus as indicated by no increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 production. Neutrophils from non-atopic and atopic runners responded similarly to fMLP stimulation, indicating that migration function remained unaltered. Both groups were unresponsive to PMA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Training hours and training volume were not associated with neutrophil IgE receptor gene expression or any evaluated neutrophil function. Since non-atopic runners normally responded to LPS stimulation, the reduced neutrophil response to the stimuli was most likely due to the atopic state and not exercise training. The findings reported are of clinical relevance because atopic runners exhibit a constant decline in competition performance and are more susceptible to invading microorganisms

Multidimensional assessment of institutionalized elderly: the reality of a brazilian institution

Background: The population aging in Brazil is characterized by the accumulation of progressive disabilities in their functional activities and daily life. To consider the elderlies in his/her multiple dimensions turns out to be a critical issue to improvetheir assistance to an institu-tionalized level, improving their health and quality of life. To perform a mini-overall evaluation of institutionalized elderly person to trace their profile in relation to the socio-demographic, functional capacity, nutritional status and cognition. Methods: Descriptive study, with a cross-sectional design and quan-titative approach performed in a long - stay institution for the elderly in Natal, RN. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Com-mittee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, under opinion number 164/2011.Results: 63.3% of the elderly were female, with ages varying from 61 to 103 years. 60.0% were single; 56.7% were literate. 66.7% had no children and 55% lived with their families before the institutio-nalization. As for the institutionalization time, 63.3% resided in the institution for four years. As what concerns the aspects of health, 73.3% of the elderly presented hearing difficulties, 90% make use of medicines predominantly to diabetes and hypertension. There is clear evidence that the institutionalization has been harmful to the elderly as with regards basic activities of daily living, nutritional status and cognitive aspects. Conclusion: The progressive disability in functional activities of daily life interferes directly in the quality of life, increasing dependency and minimizing the autonomy of these individuals. It is necessary to effec-tive implementation of public policies directed to the institutionalized elderly from the perspective of effective actions for improved attention and assistance

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Physiology of development and postharvest conservation nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus L.)

Este trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar fisiologicamente cinco estádios de desenvolvimento da flor de Tropaeolum majus L. quanto: a produção de etileno e CO2, metabolismo de carboidratos e conteúdo de pigmentos de antocianina. Assim como, verificar o efeito do etileno sobre a sensibilidade das flores a este hormônio, e avaliar os benefícios do 1- metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e de soluções preservativas sobre a longevidade pós-colheita de flores de capuchinha. A produção de CO2 diminuiu com a abertura da flor e senescência. Houve aumento na produção de etileno nos três primeiros estádios de desenvolvimento, seguido pelo declínio acentuado nos últimos dois estádios. Independentemente da fase de desenvolvimento da flor, o amido foi o menor carboidrato não estrutural, açúcares solúveis totais aumentaram desde o estádio 1 ao 2, mantendo-se estáveis até o estádio 4, diminuindo posteriormente. O teor de antocianinas aumentou com a progressão da senescência da flor. No segundo e terceiro estádios, as concentrações iguais ou acima de 10 μL L-1 de etileno ocasionaram maior grau de murchamento das flores, e inibição do desenvolvimento dos botões do primeiro estádio. O 1-MCP foi eficiente em prolongar a longevidade pós-colheita de flores de capuchinha em qualquer concentração utilizada, até mesmo com a presença de etileno exógeno. O teor de antocianinas apresentou modificações quando na presença de etileno, mas não na presença de 1-MCP. O condicionamento das flores na forma de pulsing com sacarose não evitou a perda de matéria fresca, ou a senescência das flores, em nenhuma das concentrações ou períodos testados. Os tratamentos com aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) nos dois métodos de aplicação testados, ácido aminooxiacético (AOA) e ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS), não foram capazes de prolongar a longevidade pós-colheita das flores de capuchinha. O tratamento com maior capacidade de minimizar as perdas pós-colheita, entre todos os produtos testados, foi o tiossulfato de prata (STS), que prolongou a longevidade pós-colheita das flores em até 4 dias após a aplicação. Tanto o STS como somente a prata aplicada na forma de nitrato de prata (AgNO3) foram eficientes em minimizar as perdas de matéria fresca, e com isso manter a turgescência das flores, entretanto, a solução de STS, mostrou-se superior. Nenhum dos períodos testados, entre a aplicação da solução antietilênica seguida da solução de cobre, evitou a ação do etileno nas flores. Com isso, o cobre mostrou-se capaz de remover com eficiência a prata do sítio receptor do etileno, provocando assim, a ação do mesmo.This study aimed to characterize physiologically five stages of flower development of Tropaeolum majus L. as: the production of ethylene and CO2, carbohydrate metabolism and content of anthocyanin pigments. Additionally, we investigated the effect of ethylene on the sensitivity of flowers to this hormone, and evaluate the benefits of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and preservative solutions on postharvest longevity of nasturtium flowers. The CO2 production decreased with flower opening and senescence. There was an increase in ethylene production in the first three stages of development, followed by the accentuated decline in the last two stages. Regardless of the stage of flower development, the starch was the lowest nonstructural carbohydrates, total soluble sugars increased since the stadium 1 to 2, remaining stable until stage 4, decreasing thereafter. The anthocyanins increased with the progression of flower senescence. In the second and third stages concentrations equal to or above 10 μL L-1 ethylene caused a greater degree of wilting of flowers, and inhibiting the development of the buttons of the first stage. The 1-MCP was effective in prolonging the longevity postharvest nasturtium flowers at any concentration used, even with presence of exogenous ethylene. The anthocyanins showed changes in the presence of ethylene but not in the presence of 1-MCP. The conditioning of flowers in the form of "pulsing" with sucrose did not prevent the loss of fresh or flower senescence, or in any of the concentrations tested periods. Treatments with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) in the two application methods tested, aminooxiacetic acid (AOA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), were unable to extend the postharvest longevity of nasturtium flowers. Treatment with greater capacity to minimize postharvest losses among all tested products was the silver thiosulfate (STS), which prolonged the longevity of flowers after harvesting within 4 days after application. Both as the STS only the silver applied in the form of silver nitrate (AgNO3) were effective in minimizing losses of fresh material, and thereby maintain the turgor of flowers, however, the STS solution, was superior. None of the tested periods between application anti-ethylene then the solution of the copper solution, prevented the action of ethylene in flowers. Thus, copper was capable of efficiently removing silver from the ethylene receptor site, thereby, the action of the same.Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerai

Action of ethylene on postharvest of summer squash ‘Menina Brasileira’

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and the physiological responses of summer squash ‘Menina Brasileira’ to ethylene. Immature fruits were harvested and placed in 20 L sealed buckets, in which ethylene was applied at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, and 1000 μL L-1 for 24 h. Fruits were placed in buckets with no ethylene as a control treatment. Thereafter, the fruits were taken out of the buckets and maintained on bench, wherein on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8, they were evaluated regarding the accumulated fresh weight loss, soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars, starch, total chlorophyll, content of malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage. Fruits of summer squash ‘Menina Brasileira’ showed sensitivity to exogenous ethylene with no weight loss stimulation. Additionally, the fruits exhibited small changes in nutritional quality attributes and changes in the external fruit appearance, including decreased chlorophyll content as well as damage to cell membrane characterized by increase in malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage. These changes were stimulated by increasing exogenous ethylene concentration.O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade e as respostas fisiológicas da abobrinha ‘Menina Brasileira’ a diferentes doses de etileno. Os frutos foram colhidos, homogeneizados e colocados em baldes de 20 litros hermeticamente fechados, nos quais foram aplicadas doses de etileno nas concentrações de 0,1; 1,0; 10; 100 e 1000 μL L-1 durante 24 h, além do controle. Posteriormente, os frutos foram retirados dos baldes e mantidos sobre bancada, onde aos dias 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 foram avaliados quanto à perda de peso fresco e teores de açúcar solúvel total, açúcar redutor e não redutor, amido, clorofila, conteúdo de malonaldeído e extravasamento de eletrólitos. Os frutos da abobrinha ‘Menina Brasileira’ apresentaram sensibilidade ao etileno exógeno sem estimular a perda de peso fresco. Ademais, os frutos exibiram pequenas alterações nos atributos de qualidade nutricional, além de mudanças no aspecto externo dos frutos, como diminuição do teor de clorofila e injúria por danos à membrana celular, caracterizada pelo aumento do conteúdo de malonaldeído e extravasamento de eletrólitos. Essas alterações foram estimuladas em resposta ao aumento da concentração de etileno

Longevity of wild pansy flowers treated with growth regulators

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth regulators action on the senescence of wild pansy flowers. In the first experiment, floral stems were treated with ethylene for 24 hours at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 μL L−1 and control without the hormone. In a second experiment, the flowers were immersed in solutions of abscisic acid (ABA) containing 5, 20, 50 and 100 μM for one minute and control with water. In a third experiment, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 μL L−1 and control without the chemical. In a fourth experiment, 1-MCP and ethylene were applied, where 1-MCP was first applied followed by ethylene. After the treatments with 1-MCP and ethylene, the floral stems were removed from the hermetic chambers and kept in a vessel containing distilled water at 25 °C, 10 μmol m−2 s−1 white fluorescent light and 50-70% relative humidity as for the ABA treatment. Flowers treated with ethylene did not present significant differences among the concentrations for visual senescence, showing evidence that this flower is not sensitive to ethylene. Treatment with 1000 μL L−1 of ethylene led to a slightly higher fresh weight loss than other treatments, which had a loss of about 33% at end of the experiment. For the ABA treatment, the flowers showed similar fresh weight loss among the different treatments; however, higher concentrations induced slight senescence of flowers. The use of 1-MCP increased the longevity of wild pansy flowers. These results show that 1-MCP is beneficial in maintaining the flower water status, even in the presence of exogenous ethylene, although ethylene may not be directly involved in the senescence of wild pansy flowers.Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de reguladores de crescimento na senescência de flores de amor perfeito (Viola tricolor L.). No primeiro experimento, as hastes florais foram tratadas com etileno por 24 h nas concentrações 0,1; 1,0; 10; 100; 1000 µL L−1 e o controle sem o hormônio. No segundo experimento, as flores foram imersas em soluções de diferentes concentrações de ácido abscísico (ABA) contendo 5, 20, 50 e 100µM, durante um minuto e o controle com água. No terceiro experimento, o 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) foi aplicado, nas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 g m−3 e controle sem o químico. No quarto experimento, 1-MCP e etileno foram aplicados, onde o 1-MCP foi aplicado primeiro seguido por etileno. Após os tratamentos com 1-MCP e etileno, as hastes florais foram retiradas das câmaras herméticas e mantidas em recipiente contendo água destilada a 25 °C, 10 μmol m−2 s−1 de luz fluorescente branca e 50-70% de umidade relativa, bem como após o tratamento com ABA. Flores submetidas a diferentes concentrações de etileno não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos quanto a senescência visual, demonstrando indícios que estas são pouco sensíveis ao etileno. O tratamento com 1000 μL L−1 levou a uma perda de massa fresca levemente superior em relação aos outros tratamentos os quais tiveram em torno de 33% de perda ao final do experimento. No experimento com ABA, as flores apresentaram perda de massa fresca semelhante entre os diferentes tratamentos, entretanto, concentrações elevadas levaram a uma breve senescência das flores. O 1-MCP aumentou a longevidade das flores de amor perfeito. Estes resultados mostram que o 1-MCP é benéfico na manutenção da turgescência em flores de amor perfeito, mesmo quando na presença de etileno exógeno, apesar de possivelmente o etileno não estar diretamente envolvido na senescência destas flores

Avaliação sobre o uso do programa PowerPoint em sala de aula por estudantes da educação básica na rede pública

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-04-11T15:02:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tania3_araujojorge_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 179343 bytes, checksum: deb67c0a248f02f3f21ce46eaa8c1100 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-04-11T15:25:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tania3_araujojorge_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 179343 bytes, checksum: deb67c0a248f02f3f21ce46eaa8c1100 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T15:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tania3_araujojorge_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 179343 bytes, checksum: deb67c0a248f02f3f21ce46eaa8c1100 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Atualmente, as instituições de educação básica vêm incorporando diferentes Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) como instrumentos pedagógicos. Porém, o seu uso ainda não está bem estabelecido. Nesse estudo empírico, exploratório e descritivo objetivamos identificar na avaliação dos estudantes o potencial do programa PowerPoint como instrumento no ensino de ciências, visando estimular o seu uso em aulas expositivas em detrimento do quadro/giz e estudar futuramente as TIC no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Para tanto, foram administradas aulas de ciências em PowerPoint, durante um ano, enquanto outras mídias eram apresentadas aos estudantes.Recently, institutions of basic education have been incorporating different information and communication technology (ICT) as a pedagogic instrument. However its use is still not established. In this empirical, exploratory and descriptive study, we aim to identify, through students evaluation, the potential of the use in classroom of PowerPoint software as an instrument for science teaching, focusing in stimulate its use instead the blackboard, and to study others tools of ICT for further use in the learning-teaching process. For that, science classes were presented using PowerPoint for one year, while other medias were introduced for the students