Rewindable Quantum Computation and Its Equivalence to Cloning and Adaptive Postselection

We define rewinding operators that invert quantum measurements. Then, we define complexity classes ${\sf RwBQP}$, ${\sf CBQP}$, and ${\sf AdPostBQP}$ as sets of decision problems solvable by polynomial-size quantum circuits with a polynomial number of rewinding operators, cloning operators, and adaptive postselections, respectively. Our main result is that ${\sf BPP}^{\sf PP}\subseteq{\sf RwBQP}={\sf CBQP}={\sf AdPostBQP}\subseteq{\sf PSPACE}$. As a byproduct of this result, we show that any problem in ${\sf PostBQP}$ can be solved with only postselections of outputs whose probabilities are polynomially close to one. Under the strongly believed assumption that ${\sf BQP}\nsupseteq{\sf SZK}$, or the shortest independent vectors problem cannot be efficiently solved with quantum computers, we also show that a single rewinding operator is sufficient to achieve tasks that are intractable for quantum computation. In addition, we consider rewindable Clifford and instantaneous quantum polynomial time circuits.Comment: 29 pages, 3 figures, v2: Added Result 3 and improved Result

Computational self-testing for entangled magic states

In the seminal paper [Metger and Vidick, Quantum ’21], they proposed a computational self-testing protocol for Bell states in a single quantum device. Their protocol relies on the fact that the target states are stabilizer states, and hence it is highly non-trivial to reveal whether the other class of quantum states, non-stabilizer states, can be self-tested within their framework. Among non-stabilizer states, magic states are indispensable resources for universal quantum computation. In this letter, we show that a magic state for the CCZ gate can be self-tested while that for the T gate cannot. Our result is applicable to a proof of quantumness, where we can classically verify whether a quantum device generates a quantum state having non zero magic

Contrasting Textural and Chemical Signatures of Chromitites in the Mesoarchaean Ulamertoq Peridotite Body, Southern West Greenland

Peridotites occur as lensoid bodies within the Mesoarchaean orthogneiss in the Akia terrane of Southern West Greenland. The Ulamertoq peridotite body is the largest of these peridotites hosted within the regional orthogneiss. It consists mainly of olivine, orthopyroxene, and amphibole-rich ultramafic rocks exhibiting metamorphic textural and chemical features. Chromitite layers from different localities in Ulamertoq show contrasting characteristics. In one locality, zoned chromites are hosted in orthopyroxene-amphibole peridotites. Compositional zonation in chromites is evident with decreasing Cr and Fe content from core to rim, while Al and Mg increase. Homogeneous chromites from another locality are fairly uniform and Fe-rich. The mineral chemistry of the major and accessory phases shows metamorphic signatures. Inferred temperature conditions suggest that the zoned chromites, homogeneous chromites, and their hosts are equilibrated at different metamorphic conditions. In this paper, various mechanisms during the cumulus to subsolidus stages are explored in order to understand the origin of the two contrasting types of chromites

脳血管疾患患者の回復期リハビリテーション病棟入院時の評価結果を用いた在宅復帰予測モデル

研究報告Original Articles　【目的】本研究は回復期リハビリテーション病棟入棟患者の在宅復帰に必要な条件を入棟時の評価結果から明らかにし在宅復帰予測モデルを提示することである．【対象】2009 年6 月から2012 年6月までに日高病院回復期病棟へ脳卒中連携パス対象患者として入院した患者69 名．【方法】リハカルテや病棟カルテより，回復期リハビリテーション病棟患者の入棟時の身体機能（FIM など）や基本情報（年齢，性別など），環境（同居者人数）などの10 の変数を収集し，帰結先（在宅復帰と非在宅復帰）の2 群に分け各項目について単変量解析を実施し，さらに決定木分析を実施した．【結果】単変量解析ではFIM の16 項目とHDS-R, 配偶者の有無，および同居者人数で2 群間に有意差がみられた．決定木分析では最初にFIM 社会交流，次いで，配偶者の有無，FIM トイレが選択された．【結語】在宅復帰を実現するためには，入院の共同生活がうまくできるよう支援し，自己管理能力を促進すること，そして転倒予防を重視したリハビリ治療が重要である．　Purpose: This paper presents a decision-making supportive model for the discharge of patients from rehabilitation wards. Moreover, it clarifies factors that determine whether patients in such wards are ready to be discharged. Subjects: We classified subjects into two groups: a discharged group and a non-discharged group. Methods: We examined the subjects’ rehabilitation and ward records. The collected data were subjected to univariate and decision tree analyses. Results:Univariate analysis showed that 10 non-disease factors exhibited significantly higher values in the discharge group. Decision tree analysis indicated that the score for social interaction in the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) should be the first factor considered when deciding whether a patient should be discharged. Subsequently, the presence of a spouse and toilet operations should be considered. Conclusion: Clinicians should check patients’ FIM scores before discharging them from rehabilitation wards. Additionally, we recommend that rehabilitation should begin with social interaction

回復期リハビリテーション病棟における在宅復帰を規定する要因の分析：群馬脳卒中連携パスデータの分析から

研究報告Original Articles　【目的】本研究は回復期リハビリテーション病棟入院患者の在宅復帰に必要な条件を明らかにしアプローチモデルを提案することである．【対象】2009 年6 月から2012 年6 月までにH 病院回復期病棟へ脳卒中連携パス対象患者として入院した患者149 名．【方法】リハカルテや病棟カルテより，患者の身体機能（FIM など）や基本情報（年齢，性別など），環境（同居者人数）などの13 の変数を収集し，帰結先（在宅復帰と非在宅復帰）を2 群に分け各変数について単変量解析を実施し，さらに決定木分析を実施した．【結果】単変量解析では疾患（脳梗塞，脳出血，くも膜下出血）以外の変数で2 群間に有意差がみられた．決定木分析では最初に退院時FIM 運動項目得点が，次いで，回復期病棟入棟期間，発症年齢が抽出された．【結語】在宅復帰を実現するためには，FIM の得点を確認し，回復期病棟入棟早期から退院に向けた準備が必要である．さらに高齢者には，急性期からのリハビリ介入あるいは発症早期に回復期リハビリテーション病棟に転入させる働きかけが必要である．　Purpose: In this study, we present a model for aiding decision-making regarding the discharging of patients from rehabilitation wards and clarify the factors that determine whether patients on such wards are ready to be discharged.　Subjects: We classified the subjects into two groups, the discharged group and non-discharged group.　Methods: We examined the subjects’ rehabilitation and ward records. Then, we subjected the collected data to univariate analysis and decision tree analysis.　Results: Univariate analysis showed that twelve non-disease factors exhibited significantly higher values in the discharge group. Decision tree analysis indicated that the score for physical motion in the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) should be the first factor considered when deciding whether a patient should be discharged. Then, the period of hospitalization and the age at onset should be taken into account.　Conclusion: Clinicians should check patients’ FIM scores before discharging them from rehabilitation wards. In addition, we recommend that rehabilitation should begin in the acute period in elderly patients. Therefore, it is important that elderly patients are admitted to the rehabilitation ward as soon as possible

Survey of imaging dose in HDR brachytherapy

Institutional imaging protocols for the verification of brachytherapy applicator placements were investigated in a survey study of domestic radiotherapy institutions. The survey form designed by a free on-line survey system was distributed via the mailing-list system of the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology. Survey data of 75 institutions between August 2019 and October 2019 were collected. The imaging modalities used were dependent on resources available to the institutions. The displacement of a brachytherapy applicator results in significant dosimetric impact. It is essential to verify applicator placements using imaging modalities before treatment. Various imaging modalities used in institutions included a computed tomography (CT) scanner, an angiography X-ray system, a multi-purpose X-ray system and a radiotherapy simulator. The median total exposure time in overall treatment sessions was ≤75 s for gynecological and prostate cancers. Some institutions used fluoroscopy to monitor the brachytherapy source movement. Institutional countermeasures for reducing unwanted imaging dose included minimizing the image area, changing the imaging orientation, reducing the imaging frequency and optimizing the imaging conditions. It is worth noting that half of the institutions did not confirm imaging dose regularly. This study reported on the usage of imaging modalities for brachytherapy in Japan. More caution should be applied with interstitial brachytherapy with many catheters that can lead to potentially substantial increments in imaging doses for monitoring the actual brachytherapy source using fluoroscopy. It is necessary to share imaging techniques, standardize imaging protocols and quality assurance/quality control among institutions, and imaging dose guidelines for optimization of imaging doses delivered in radiotherapy should be developed

Intestinal epithelial cell-derived IL-15 determines local maintenance and maturation of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine critical for maintenance of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), especially CD8αα+ IELs (CD8αα IELs). In the intestine, IL-15 is produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and hematopoietic cells. However, the precise role of intestinal IL-15 on IELs is still unknown. To address the question, we generated two kinds of IL-15 conditional knockout (IL-15cKO) mice: villin-Cre (Vil-Cre) and Tie2-Cre IL-15cKO mice. IEC-derived IL-15 was specifically deleted in Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice, whereas IL-15 produced by BECs and hematopoietic cells is deleted in Tie2-Cre IL-15cKO mice. The cell number and frequency of CD8αα IELs and NK IELs were significantly reduced in Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice. By contrast, CD8αα IELs were unchanged in Tie2-Cre IL-15cKO mice, indicating that IL-15 produced by BECs and hematopoietic cells is dispensable for CD8αα IELs. Expression of an anti-apoptotic factor, Bcl-2, was decreased, whereas Fas expression was increased in CD8αα IELs of Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice. Forced expression of Bcl-2 by a Bcl-2 transgene partially restored CD8αα IELs in Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice, suggesting that some IL-15 signal other than Bcl-2 is required for maintenance of CD8αα IELs. Furthermore, granzyme B production was reduced, whereas PD-1 expression was increased in CD8αα IELs of Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice. These results collectively suggested that IEC-derived IL-15 is essential for homeostasis of IELs by promoting their survival and functional maturation

Environmental Load Evaluation of Reuse Parts for Automobiles

Abstract Reuse parts are parts removed from scrap automobiles that can be still used. In general, reuse parts reduce not only the cost for replacement of failed parts but also the environmental load. This study quantitatively evaluates environmental loads, such as the amount of CO2 emission during the production of brand new parts, in order to quantify the beneficial effect of the reuse parts. The amount of CO2 emission can be calculated from the power consumption and operating time of each tool and machine employed. Reuse parts generate 0.62 kg of CO2 per automobile when produced, which corresponds to 1,212 kg per year. However, the amount of CO2 emitted from scrapping automobiles without producing new replacement parts is 3,063 kg per year. Therefore, the production of replacement parts emits three times less CO2 than scrapping

Production and nonclinical evaluation of an autologous iPSC-derived platelet product for the iPLAT1 clinical trial

血小板減少症に対するiPS細胞由来血小板の自己輸血に関する臨床研究」の成果公表（論文発表）について. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-09-30.Donor-derived platelets are used to treat or prevent hemorrhage in patients with thrombocytopenia. However, ∼5% or more of these patients are complicated with alloimmune platelet transfusion refractoriness (allo-PTR) due to alloantibodies against HLA-I or human platelet antigens (HPA). In these cases, platelets from compatible donors are necessary, but it is difficult to find such donors for patients with rare HLA-I or HPA. To produce platelet products for patients with aplastic anemia with allo-PTR due to rare HPA-1 mismatch in Japan, we developed an ex vivo good manufacturing process (GMP)–based production system for an induced pluripotent stem cell–derived platelet product (iPSC-PLTs). Immortalized megakaryocyte progenitor cell lines (imMKCLs) were established from patient iPSCs, and a competent imMKCL clone was selected for the master cell bank (MCB) and confirmed for safety, including negativity of pathogens. From this MCB, iPSC-PLTs were produced using turbulent flow bioreactors and new drugs. In extensive nonclinical studies, iPSC-PLTs were confirmed for quality, safety, and efficacy, including hemostasis in a rabbit model. This report presents a complete system for the GMP-based production of iPSC-PLTs and the required nonclinical studies and thus supports the iPLAT1 study, the first-in-human clinical trial of iPSC-PLTs in a patient with allo-PTR and no compatible donor using the autologous product. It also serves as a comprehensive reference for the development of widely applicable allogeneic iPSC-PLTs and other cell products that use iPSC-derived progenitor cells as MCB

Hematopoietic cell-derived IL-15 supports NK cell development in scattered and clustered localization within the bone marrow

骨髄のNK細胞の分化に造血細胞が産生するIL-15が必須である --2種類の局在を示すNK細胞の新規分化モデル--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-09-20.Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells critical for protective immune responses against infection and cancer. Although NK cells differentiate in the bone marrow (BM) in an interleukin-15 (IL-15)-dependent manner, the cellular source of IL-15 remains elusive. Using NK cell reporter mice, we show that NK cells are localized in the BM in scattered and clustered manners. NK cell clusters overlap with monocyte and dendritic cell accumulations, whereas scattered NK cells require CXCR4 signaling. Using cell-specific IL-15-deficient mice, we show that hematopoietic cells, but not stromal cells, support NK cell development in the BM through IL-15. In particular, IL-15 produced by monocytes and dendritic cells appears to contribute to NK cell development. These results demonstrate that hematopoietic cells are the IL-15 niche for NK cell development in the BM and that BM NK cells are present in scattered and clustered compartments by different mechanisms, suggesting their distinct functions in the immune response