Clara Schumann: A Woman of Her Time

Clara Schumann was the wife of the composer Robert Schumann, the mother of seven children, a famous concert pianist, and a talented female composer in a time when few women were active in both the private and public spheres. This paper seeks to present a more objective view of Clara Schumann beyond the superficial labels of wife, mother, pianist, and composer. By closely examining her early married life to Robert through the marriage diaries, as well as letters between the couple and Clara’s own personal diary, a more complex and often conflicted woman emerges from these pages

Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA): Assessment of the remote manipulator system FMEA/CIL

The results of the Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA) of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Critical Items List (CIL) are presented. The IOA effort first completed an analysis of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) hardware, generating draft failure modes and potential critical items. To preserve independence, this analysis was accomplished without reliance upon the results contained within the NASA FMEA/CIL documentation. The IOA results were than compared to the NASA FMEA/CIL baseline with proposed Post 51-L updates included. A resolution of each discrepancy from the comparison is provided through additional analysis as required. The results of that comparison for the Orbiter RMS hardware are documented. The IOA product for the RMS analysis consisted of 604 failure mode worksheets that resulted in 458 potential critical items being identified. Comparison was made to the NASA baseline which consisted of 45 FMEAs and 321 CIL items. This comparison produced agreement on all but 154 FMEAs which caused differences in 137 CIL items

Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA): Analysis of the remote manipulator system

The results of the Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA) of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Critical Items List (CIL) are presented. The IOA approach features a top-down analysis of the hardware to determine failure modes, criticality, and potential critical items (PCIs). To preserve independence, this analysis was accomplished without reliance upon the results contained within the NASA FMEA/CIL documentation. The independent analysis results for the Orbiter Remote Manipulator System (RMS) are documented. The RMS hardware and software are primarily required for deploying and/or retrieving up to five payloads during a single mission, capture and retrieve free-flying payloads, and for performing Manipulator Foot Restraint operations. Specifically, the RMS hardware consists of the following components: end effector; displays and controls; manipulator controller interface unit; arm based electronics; and the arm. The IOA analysis process utilized available RMS hardware drawings, schematics and documents for defining hardware assemblies, components and hardware items. Each level of hardware was evaluated and analyzed for possible failure modes and effects. Criticality was assigned based upon the severity of the effect for each failure mode. Of the 574 failure modes analyzed, 413 were determined to be PCIs

Analysis of electric energy consumption of automatic milking systems in different configurations and operative conditions.

Automatic milking systems (AMS) have been a revolutionary innovation in dairy cow farming. Currently, more than 10,000 dairy cow farms worldwide use AMS to milk their cows. Electric consumption is one of the most relevant and uncontrollable operational cost of AMS, ranging between 35 and 40% of their total annual operational costs. The aim of the present study was to measure and analyze the electric energy consumption of 4 AMS with different configurations: single box, central unit featuring a central vacuum system for 1 cow unit and for 2 cow units. The electrical consumption (daily consumption, daily consumption per cow milked, consumption per milking, and consumption per 100L of milk) of each AMS (milking unit + air compressor) was measured using 2 energy analyzers. The measurement period lasted 24h with a sampling frequency of 0.2Hz. The daily total energy consumption (milking unit + air compressor) ranged between 45.4 and 81.3 kWh; the consumption per cow milked ranged between 0.59 and 0.99 kWh; the consumption per milking ranged between 0.21 and 0.33 kWh; and the consumption per 100L of milk ranged between 1.80 to 2.44 kWh according to the different configurations and operational contexts considered. Results showed that AMS electric consumption was mainly conditioned by farm management rather than machine characteristics/architectures

Temperature and quark density effects on the chiral condensate: an AdS/QCD study

We investigate the dependence of the chiral condensate $$ on the temperature and quark density using the soft-wall holographic model of QCD, adopting geometries with black holes at finite temperature and quark chemical potential $\mu$. We find that, for $\mu$ below a critical value, increasing the temperature the condensate decreases and vanishes at a temperature $\tilde T\simeq 210$ MeV (at $\mu=0$). An analogous behaviour is observed increasing the chemical potential at fixed temperature. These results agree with the findings obtained by other methods. We also comment on the robustness of the results if geometries not involving black holes are adopted at low temperature, and an Hawking-Page transition is implemented.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, published on EPJ

Vibration Characteristics of Lightweight Floors Using Cold-formed Steel Joist

Presented in this paper are the results of a recent study carried out at the University of Waterloo on vibration characteristics of cold-formed steel-supported residential floor systems and different design criteria available for the evaluation of lightweight floor systems. Laboratory tests were conducted for the floors with different spans and assemblies. Both static and dynamic tests were carried out on the floor systems. The static tests were used to evaluate the stiffness and the load sharing among the joists, while the dynamic tests were used to evaluate the relevant dynamic characteristics, such as natural frequencies and damping ratios, of the floor systems. The test results were then compared with those obtained from different design methods. Concluding remarks regarding the acceptance criteria from the comparison are also presented

Calibrattions of Cold-Formed Steel Welded Connections

The purpose of this project was to recalibrate the welded connection equations currently contained in the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specification for the Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI 1996a). Only one factor of safety of 2.50 is presented for the each of the various types of welded connections when using allowable stress design (ASD), but different respective resistance factors are given for load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The data used was solely taken from the research conducted by Pekoz and McGuire (Pekoz and McGuire 1979). Calibrations were carried out and based on both the AISI Specification (AISI 1996a) and the Canadian Sl36 Standard (CSA 1994). The results of this study have already been adopted by both of these cold formed steel design agencies, as well as by the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (NAS 2001)

The Back of the House As Viewed from the Front of the House: Sarah Davis and the Irish Domestic Servants of Clover Lawn from 1872 to 1879

This paper details the experience of Irish servants and servants of Irish-descent in late nineteenth-century Bloomington who were employed in the middle-class house on Clover Lawn (the David Davis Mansion). The house on Clover Lawn was divided into three regions: public, private, and the servant quarters. The back of the house was reserved for the servants’ living and working areas. The division between front-of-the-house, back-of-the-house is the American equivalent of the British “upstairs-downstairs” arrangement. The body of letters written between Sarah Davis and her family are a wealth of information on their servants, including their personalities, their duties, and her interactions with them. This paper examines the connection between the design of the home and the established middle-class domestic system, the cultural and social differences between the servants and the Davis family, and the impact the Irish domestic servant population had on the growing Bloomington community, in order to gain a better overall understanding of the solidification of the middle-class