N-Acryloylphenyl­alanine

The title compound, C12H13NO3, was prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of acryloyl chloride with glycylglycine. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O–H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

Thermal Characteristics of Brillouin Microsphere Lasers

In this paper, we investigate the thermal characteristics of Brillouin microsphere lasers. A mathematical model for Brillouin lasing in a waveguide coupled microcavity is constructed based on the coupled mode theory, the analytic correlation between lasing and thermal power is given. To track the thermal responses of Brillouin microlasers, we introduce two kinds of thermal perturbations on the packaged silica microspheres by either tuning the wavelength of pump wave or varying the surrounding temperature. It is shown that the output power of Brillouin lasers is sensitive to and linearly varied with the thermal change of the mode area and surroundings. The optical bistabilities induced by the resonances transitions of the pump wave and Brillouin lasing, and a single mode lasing with up to 41.7-dB side mode suppression ratio are demonstrated. Our results demonstrate that Brillouin microlasers with stable performances hold potential for sensor applications since thermal or optical perturbations on microcavity can be simply tracked by the variation of output power

Instruction-following Evaluation through Verbalizer Manipulation

While instruction-tuned models have shown remarkable success in various natural language processing tasks, accurately evaluating their ability to follow instructions remains challenging. Existing benchmarks primarily focus on common instructions that align well with what the model learned during training. However, proficiency in responding to these instructions does not necessarily imply strong ability in instruction following. In this paper, we propose a novel instruction-following evaluation protocol called verbalizer manipulation. It instructs the model to verbalize the task label with words aligning with model priors to different extents, adopting verbalizers from highly aligned (e.g., outputting ``postive'' for positive sentiment), to minimally aligned (e.g., outputting ``negative'' for positive sentiment). Verbalizer manipulation can be seamlessly integrated with any classification benchmark to examine the model's reliance on priors and its ability to override them to accurately follow the instructions. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation of four major model families across nine datasets, employing twelve sets of verbalizers for each of them. We observe that the instruction-following abilities of models, across different families and scales, are significantly distinguished by their performance on less natural verbalizers. Even the strongest GPT-4 model struggles to perform better than random guessing on the most challenging verbalizer, emphasizing the need for continued advancements to improve their instruction-following abilities

Experimental Test of Tracking the King Problem

In quantum theory, the retrodiction problem is not as clear as its classical counterpart because of the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. In classical physics, the measurement outcomes of the present state can be used directly for predicting the future events and inferring the past events which is known as retrodiction. However, as a probabilistic theory, quantum-mechanical retrodiction is a nontrivial problem that has been investigated for a long time, of which the Mean King Problem is one of the most extensively studied issues. Here, we present the first experimental test of a variant of the Mean King Problem, which has a more stringent regulation and is termed "Tracking the King". We demonstrate that Alice, by harnessing the shared entanglement and controlled-not gate, can successfully retrodict the choice of King's measurement without knowing any measurement outcome. Our results also provide a counterintuitive quantum communication to deliver information hidden in the choice of measurement.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, 2 table