Osteoarthritis, Labour Division, and Occupational Specialization of the Late Shang China - Insights from Yinxu (ca. 1250 - 1046 B.C.)

This research investigates the prevalence of human osteoarthritis at Yinxu, the last capital of the Late Shang dynasty (ca. 1250–1046 B.C.), to gain insights about lifeways of early urban populations in ancient China. A total of 167 skeletal remains from two sites (Xiaomintun and Xin’anzhuang) were analyzed to examine osteoarthritis at eight appendicular joints and through three spinal osseous indicators. High osteoarthritis frequencies were found in the remains with males showing significantly higher osteoarthritis on the upper body (compared to that of the females). This distinctive pattern becomes more obvious for males from Xiaomintun. Furthermore, Xiaomintun people showed significantly higher osteoarthritis in both sexes than those from Xin’anzhuang. Higher upper body osteoarthritis is speculated to be caused by repetitive lifting and carrying heavy-weight objects, disproportionately adding more stress and thus more osseous changes to the upper than the lower body. Such lifting-carrying could be derived from intensified physical activities in general and specialized occupations in particular. Higher osteoarthritis in males may reveal a gendered division of labour, with higher osteoarthritis in Xiaomintun strongly indicating an occupational difference between the two sites. The latter speculation can be supported by the recovery of substantially more bronze-casting artifacts in Xiaomintun. It is also intriguing that relatively higher osteoarthritis was noticed in Xiaomintun females, which seems to suggest that those women might have also participated in bronze-casting activities as a “family business.” Such a family-involved occupation, if it existed, may have contributed to establishment of occupation-oriented neighborhoods as proposed by many Shang archaeologists

Increase Productivity of Machinig Center at Machine-shop by Using Multiple Machine at Small Seriality

Import 23/07/2015Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na problém, kterým je zvýšení produktivity na středisku obrobna s využitím více strojových obsluh při malé sériovosti. Hlavní cíl zvyšování produktivity spočívá v tom, zda je možné zavést dvou strojovou obsluhu na CNC strojích typu SP 30 CNC č. 1, č. 2. V rámci druhotného cíle zvyšování produktivity na středisku obrobna a zájmu firmy byly z projektového hlediska navrhnuty a umístěny nové CNC stroje, sklad přípravků a materiálu, skříňky a kovové bedny k jednotlivým strojům, skříňky na osobní věci a navrhnout jídelní kout.This master thesis focuses on the problem of increasing machine shop productivity by using multimachine operation in small series production. More specifically, the primary thesis aim is to analyze options and feasibility of implementing multimachine operation of two CNC lathes SP 30 CNC to increase productivity. The secondary aim of machine shop productivity increasing in the interest of the company includes design of new CNC machines and their layout, a material and jigs warehouse, cabinets and metal crates for each of workplaces, personal lockers and a dining area.345 - Katedra mechanické technologievelmi dobř

The social organisation of late Shang China : a mortuary perspective

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Art et archéologie de la Chine pré-impériale

Thote Alain, Jigen Tang. Art et archéologie de la Chine pré-impériale. In: École pratique des hautes études. Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. Livret-Annuaire 21. 2005-2006. 2007. pp. 442-448

Art et archéologie de la Chine pré-impériale

Thote Alain, Jigen Tang. Art et archéologie de la Chine pré-impériale. In: École pratique des hautes études. Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. Livret-Annuaire 21. 2005-2006. 2007. pp. 442-448

Ceramic Production in Shang Societies of Anyang

This article describes the results of petrographic analyses of ceramic thin sections from the Shang sites of Huanbei and Yinxu in Anyang, Henan, China. The initial goal was to determine the physical composition of locally produced ceramic artifacts. This was accomplished by focusing upon gray wares, the most common ceramic class in Shang contexts at Anyang, and comparing the findings to local, clay-rich sediments in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The resulting data provide objective bases for distinguishing imported ceramic items, notably those with exotic rock tempers and/or distinctive, low-silt pastes, and for making further inquiries into the role of ceramic production and exchange in the development and functioning of Shang society. The study revealed an unexpected amount of compositional diversity within Shang gray wares and indicates that at least three local sediments and three di¤erent technologies were utilized in the manufacture of ceramic objects. For most ceramic objects utilized in daily activities, such as storage and serving vessels and drainpipes, untempered loessic sediments were employed. By contrast, for cooking vessels, alluvial sediments tempered either with sand or grit (crushed rock, some of which was exotic) were normally employed. A third technology, for bronze piece molds, utilized loess, which was untempered, but apparently processed so as to concentrate the silt content thus increasing porosity and minimizing shrinkage, properties that would reduce flaws in cast bronzes