7 research outputs found
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Intellectual Property Strategy Trajectory: A New Visualisation Approach
Although data visualisation approaches have been extensively discussed in the literature, most visualisation tools are associated with quantitative data and lack the compound ability to collect data. The author’s PhD research needs a data collection tool that has the ability to present qualitative data on how and why companies change their intellectual property (IP) strategies and to allow visualisation of the companies’ IP strategy trajectories. Hence, in this paper, the authors created a bespoke set of tools, consisting of the IP strategy trajectory framework and the IP strategy trajectory map. With exercising this new approach with the data of a case study, the authors show that the framework offers a clear presentation of the path that a company takes with regards to its IP strategy openness, whereas the map help explain how and why a company change its IP strategy during three key transitions. The paper contributes theoretically by offering a definition for intellectual property strategy trajectory and contributes practically by creating a new visualisation approach which consists of the IP strategy trajectory framework and the IP strategy trajectory map
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Chinese innovation system stakeholders’ perception of the importance and use of IP: Lessons from a field trip
Innovation has an increasing role in the economic progress of China. With Chinese patent applications surpassing those of Western countries, we aim to understand what is the actual perception and understanding of the value and importance of intellectual property (IP)on the ground in China. This paper reports insights from a field trip across 3key innovation clusters in China (Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai). We conduct an ethnographic studyusing20semi-structuredinterviews with academics and researchers, representatives from enterprises and economic service firms as well as university leaders and policy makers. The results reveal a high level of IP awareness in China. Whether academics, governmental representatives, entrepreneurs or venture capital executives, all interviews reveal a strong understanding and visibility of the importance of IP. Governmental rules for subsidizing patent applications seems to be changing in China in order to move from quantity to quality. While at least the leading universities have established technology transfer offices (TTOs), there still a need for improve service offerings given that these are still offered by IP law firms. Moreover, leading universities offer occasional IP guest lectures and they are in the process of installing IP. In addition, investors seem to understand the importance of IP when making investment decisions. We identify a positive speed of which Chinese innovation system actors are becoming increasingly IP savvy. At the same time, China’s large market size makes it less attractive to consider international IP strategies in early stages of a business. After succeeding in China, companies tend to prefer expanding into other Asian markets first, before venturing into Europe or the US
A high-performance solar chimney in building integrated with photocatalytic technology for atmospheric methane removal
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Intellectual Property Strategy Changes of Emerging Technology Companies: An Empirical Study of Synthetic Biology Companies
Intellectual Property (IP) strategy is considered to have a growing importance for technological companies. There has been an increasing interest in IP management and strategy from both academia and industry. Most studies have focused on how IP and innovation are protected, and the motives behind the protection of IP. The empirical studies in this field often appear to consider IP strategy as static, and hence have led to a notable lack of attention to its dynamic aspect. Since technologies and industries around the world are developing at an unprecedentedly fast pace, companies’ IP strategy decisions should be more dynamic than ever. Therefore, the dynamic aspect of IP strategy, especially its changes and evolution, should be further explored. Emerging technologies are often associated with characteristics such as newness, rapid growth and uncertainty, which indicate that companies that work with these technologies are in a very dynamic and constantly changing environment. Even though considerable research has explored strategic change in companies, including those with emerging technologies, very few researchers have paid attention to the IP strategy changes of these companies.
This research set out to improve the understanding of IP strategy and emerging technology by analysing the IP strategy of emerging technology companies from a dynamic perspective. In order to achieve this goal, this study explored the types, antecedents, impacts and the overall evolution of IP strategy changes made by emerging technology companies. The research set out to achieve its objectives through two approaches: the single-transition analysis of three key transitions based on an industry emergence model and the cross-transition analysis with the assistance of the IP strategy change framework. The single-transition analysis of the types of IP strategy changes resulted in a framework with four dimensions: the change of volume, the change of territory, the change of openness and the change of aggressiveness. The cross-transition analysis further expands the findings by identifying four types of IP strategy change trajectories: the overall open type, the mixed openness type, the U-turn type and the hybrid type. The single-transition analysis of the antecedents of IP strategy changes resulted in a framework with five dimensions: finance-related, R&D-related, product-related, market-related and management-related antecedents. Apart from the framework, two key propositions related to the antecedents were raised in the cross-transition analysis. The propositions state that the changes and trajectories of emerging technology companies’ IP strategies tend to be influenced by the nature of the company’s core technology and the need to raise investment. The single-transition analysis of the impacts of IP strategy changes resulted in a framework with three impact levels: beyond-expectation impacts, in-expectation impacts and below-expectation impacts. The study also analysed the data on the reasons behind the impacts of IP strategy changes. The results suggested that, in all three transitions, the impact of IP strategy changes can be influenced by the coherence and awareness of IP strategy across the company.
This research contributes to theory specifically in the realms of IP strategy, emerging technology model and path dependence. First, the novel IP openness framework developed in this thesis contributes by providing a framework to categorise the openness of IP strategy with respect to inbound and outbound openness. Moreover, the study also contributes to the IP strategy literature with the frameworks that categorise the types, antecedents and impacts of IP strategy changes. The IP strategy roadmap and the IP strategy trajectory provide theoretical frameworks in the fields of IP strategy, strategic change and technology emergence. In addition, the frameworks developed for the types and antecedents of IP strategy changes further expand the literature on the management of emerging technology companies. This research also theoretically contributes to path dependence research by developing and defining a novel concept of IP strategy trajectory. Apart from these contributions to theory, this research also provides methodological contributions in two ways. First, this research established a method to create and iterate a visualisation roadmap for qualitative data collection and data analysis of a continuous action along the timeline. Second, this research established a method to design a visualisation tool for changes and evolutions. Finally, this research adds to the IP strategy management toolkit by providing three practical instruments: an assessment framework for IP strategy openness, a roadmap to track and analyse the IP strategy changes, and a list of factors that can influence the impact of IP strategy changes.Cambridge Trust;
UK Economic and Social Research Counci
Efficacy of 1,3-Dichloropropene Gelatin Capsule Formulation for the Control of Soilborne Pests
Effects of soil factors on dimethyl disulfide desorption and the risk of phytotoxicity to newly-planted seedlings
Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) is a relatively new soil fumigant used in agro-industrial crop production to control soil-borne pests that damage crops and reduce yield. The emissions of DMDS after fumigation reduce soil concentrations thus reducing the risk of phytotoxicity to newly planted crops. However, the factors affecting the desorption of DMDS from soil are unclear. In our study, the desorption characteristics of DMDS from soil were measured in response to continuous ventilation. The degradation of DMDS in soil was examined by thermal incubation. The phytotoxic response of newly-planted cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings to DMDS residues was measured by a sand culture experiment. The results showed DMDS desorption and degradation rates fit a first-order model; that 92% of the DMDS desorption occurred in the first hour after fumigant application; and that residue concentrations in the soil at the end of the ventilation period were unlikely to be phytotoxic to newly-planted cucumber seedlings. By the third day of ventilation, the average desorption rate (ADR) of DMDS in Wenshan soil was 4.0 and 3.6 times, respectively, faster than that in Shunyi and Suihua soils and the ADR of DMDS in soil decreased by 40.0% when the soil moisture content increased from 3% to 12% (wt/wt). Moreover, within one hour of ventilation, the ADR of DMDS in soil decreased by 20.1% when the soil bulk density increased from 1.1 to 1.3 g cm-3. The degradation of DMDS in soil, however, was mostly influenced by soil type and moisture content. A slow degradation rate resulted in a high initial desorption concentration of DMDS in soil. Our results indicated that DMDS desorption from soil in response to continuous ventilation was affected by the soil type, moisture content and bulk density. Rapid degradation of DMDS in soil will lower the risk of phytotoxic residues remaining in the soil and reduce emissions during the waiting period. Acceleration of emissions early in the waiting period by managing soil moisture content or increasing soil porosity may shorten the duration of emissions. Alternatively, soil extraction technology could be developed to recover and reduce fumigant emissions