The effect of dust on the performance of solar photovoltaic module: Case studies in Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia and Perth, Western Australia

The performance of a PV module tends to decrease as dust impinges onto its cover surface. The attached dust diminishes the illumination by absorbing and scattering sunlight received by the solar module. Degradation caused by dust is temporary, but it should not be underestimated. Many studies investigated the influence of dust accumulation on optical properties and its impact on PV module performance. However, less attention was given to the effect of dust on small scale PV systems such as residential systems. Also, most of the preceding literature were not supported with an economic analysis which can inform maintenance activity scheduling. This study aims to identify the effect of dust on the performance of solar PV modules in varying environmental conditions and cost effective maintenance schedule for both solar home system and residential grid-connected system. To study the effect of dust on PV performance in different climate areas, research was conducted in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Indonesia and Perth, Western Australia. A series of experiments in the laboratory was performed. A solar simulator was used to measure PV modules‟ performance. A combination of a spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope, electron dispersive spectroscope and an X-ray diffraction machine were used to examine properties of dust. In addition to the laboratory experiments, a field study was carried out to investigate the effect of dust accumulated naturally on PV performance degradation deployed in the two regions. Characterization results revealed that dust in Perth exhibited angular shapes dominated by quartz, while porous particles with a large amount of calcium oxide were observed in dust from NTT. The grain size analysis showed that the percentage of clay and very fine silt of dust from Perth was higher than that from NTT. Therefore, at the same density, dust from Perth passed less light than that from NTT. Power output produced by PVs coated artificially with dust from Perth was lower than that from NTT although the difference was not statistically significant. The performance degradation of PV modules deployed in the field varied with season. In Perth, power output of the modules which was maximal at the beginning of summer decreased significantly at the end of the season. The performance was then increased, approaching the initial position at the end of autumn and reached a peak at the end of winter. A similar decrease in the summer‟s performance was observed in the modules at the end of spring. In NTT, the performance which was maximal at the beginning of wet season dropped slightly at the end of the season and had significantly decreased at the end of the dry season. PV performance variations were in agreement with dust density deposited on the examined PV modules. Seasons with less rainfall demonstrated more accumulation of dust compared to those with greater rainfall. In addition, as the tilt angle increased dust deposition decreased; as a result, the average transmittance of dust increased. For a one year period, power loss of PV modules due to dust was 4 - 6% and 16 - 18% for Perth and NTT, respectively. The greater degradation in NTT is attributed to the lower tilt angle of the PV modules, the higher relative humidity, and the longer dry season in the region. The effect of dust on PV performance for a long time period carried out in Perth revealed that the degradation of Pmax output of PV samples deployed for almost 18 years without any cleaning procedures were 8 - 12%. These losses are higher than that measured for the one year period and indicate that natural cleaning agents such as rain and wind could not remove dust particles attached on the surface of the PV modules perfectly. In addition to the power decrease, observation results in the field showed that the modules exhibited some permanent degradation indicated by corrosion, delamination, and discoloration. This may be attributed to hot spot phenomenon caused by dust for a long time period besides the age of the examined PV modules. Economic analysis revealed that annual cost of production losses of residential PV systems in Perth and NTT with a degradation pattern as measured in the field was higher than the maintenance cost activities. Consequently, the system in Perth needs once cleaning in a year, meanwhile twice for the system in NTT. This thesis, therefore, suggested more intense cleaning should be applied for PV modules mounted at lower latitude and deployed in a tropical climate area. Standard dust de-rating factor (5%) stipulated by Australian/New Zealand Standard 4509.2:2010 was appropriate for modelling a grid-connected PV system in Perth, but, the system required cleaning once per year. Conversely, the standard soiling loss factor of 5% was not suitable for solar home system modelling in NTT as the estimation of the impact of dust was underestimated. Thus, this thesis recommended that the soiling de-rating factor should vary between regions and with season. This will improve the accuracy and the reliability of PV system models

The Impact of Vegetation on the Performance of Polycrystalline and Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) module decreases with increasing temperature. An emergent method developed to reduce temperature rise is vegetation that refers to cultivating crops under the shade of PV modules. This study aims to investigate the impact of caisim (brassica chinensis var. parachinensis), a popular tropical vegetable, on the performance of two polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si) and two monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si) PV modules. Initially, electrical parameters, solar irradiation, and temperature of the four PV modules were examined without vegetation. Furthermore, the same management was repeated with a treatment of two PV modules (pc-Si 1 and mc-Si 1) were vegetated and the other two modules (pc-Si 2 and mc-Si 2) were designated as reference modules, left without vegetation. Results of the experiments carried out in clear sunny days and analyzed with a least squares method revealed that, for the modules of the same technology, the efficiency of pc-Si 1 (vegetated) was higher than pc-Si 2 (reference), whereas mc-Si 2 (reference) outperformed mc-Si 1 (vegetated). Test results on mc-Si technology indicated that there was no contribution of vegetation to lowering temperature of the vegetated PV module, thereby failing to improve its efficiency. This might be related to the design and material of the mc-Si modules which support conductive heat losses. The conduction effect seemed to be more dominant than the evapotranspiration impact which may be low due to the wind and the greater distance between the vegetation and the modules. The results of this research imply that it is necessary to consider the application of vegetation for pc-Si technology for the design and optimization of the performance of solar power plants in Kupang, Indonesia. This research contributes to shining a light on the intricate relationship between PV module performance and vegetation. In a broader scope, this study provides a motivation for future investigations regarding efforts to overcome land competition to produce energy and food

The Impact of Vegetation on the Performance of Polycrystalline and Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) module decreases with increasing temperature. An emergent method developed to reduce temperature rise is vegetation that refers to cultivating crops under the shade of PV modules. This study aims to investigate the impact of caisim (brassica chinensis var. parachinensis), a popular tropical vegetable, on the performance of two polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si) and two monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si) PV modules. Initially, electrical parameters, solar irradiation, and temperature of the four PV modules were examined without vegetation. Furthermore, the same management was repeated with a treatment of two PV modules (pc-Si 1 and mc-Si 1) were vegetated and the other two modules (pc-Si 2 and mc-Si 2) were designated as reference modules, left without vegetation. Results of the experiments carried out in clear sunny days and analyzed with a least squares method revealed that, for the modules of the same technology, the efficiency of pc-Si 1 (vegetated) was higher than pc-Si 2 (reference), whereas mc-Si 2 (reference) outperformed mc-Si 1 (vegetated). Test results on mc-Si technology indicated that there was no contribution of vegetation to lowering temperature of the vegetated PV module, thereby failing to improve its efficiency. This might be related to the design and material of the mc-Si modules which support conductive heat losses. The conduction effect seemed to be more dominant than the evapotranspiration impact which may be low due to the wind and the greater distance between the vegetation and the modules. The results of this research imply that it is necessary to consider the application of vegetation for pc-Si technology for the design and optimization of the performance of solar power plants in Kupang, Indonesia. This research contributes to shining a light on the intricate relationship between PV module performance and vegetation. In a broader scope, this study provides a motivation for future investigations regarding efforts to overcome land competition to produce energy and food

Dust Effect and its Economic Analysis on PV Modules Deployed in a Temperate Climate Zone

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the effect of dust on the degradation of PV modules deployed in a temperate climate region, Perth, Western Australia. Results revealed that PV performance, quantified by normalised maximum power output, varied with season. For a one-year period of study, over which the only cleaning activities were due to wind and rain, the performance of PV modules deployed in Perth, decreased at the end of summer and spring, tended to increase at the end of autumn and reached their peaks at the end of the winter season. Assuming the effect of dust on Pmax output is similar among the PV modules and is linear among the consecutive seasons, economic analysis indicated that the total cost of production losses of 13 polycristalline silicone PV modules caused by dust (A$5.47) is lower than total cleaning cost (A$ 78). Therefore, no cleaning procedure is recommended for the grid-connected PV system simulated in the case study

Temporary Performance Degradation of Photovoltaic Street Light in Kupang City, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia

This study investigated the effect of dust to the performance degradation of PV street lights deployed at several areas (coastal, urban, industry, and village) in Kupang city. Results showed that maximum power output (Pmax) of all modules decreased by 9 % to 14 %. Short circuit current (Isc) was the parameter strongly affected by dust compared to open circuit voltage (Voc). Performance of the PV modules increased back to their initial conditions after cleaning. This was indicated by the increasing of Isc and Voc of the modules that leading to the escalating of their Pmax values. The worst effect of dust was exhibited by PV modules installed at coastal area. A simple analysis revealed that the module would lose 87.75 Wh of energy d–1. This study suggested that dust derating factor applied for PV street light design in Kupang should be higher than the standard (5 %)