Effects of periodic robot rehabilitation using the Hybrid Assistive Limb for a year on gait function in chronic stroke patients

Using a robot for gait training in stroke patients has attracted attention for the last several decades. Previous studies reported positive effects of robot rehabilitation on gait function in the short term. However, the long-term effects of robot rehabilitation for stroke patients are still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of periodic gait training using the Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) on gait function in chronic stroke patients. Seven chronic stroke patients performed 8 gait training sessions using the HAL 3 times every few months. The maximal 10-m walk test and the 2-minute walking distance (2MWD) were measured before the first intervention and after the first, second, and third interventions. Gait speed, stride length, and cadence were calculated from the 10-m walk test. Repeated one-way analysis of variance showed a significant main effect on evaluation time of gait speed (F = 7.69, p < 0.01), 2MWD (F = 7.52, p < 0.01), stride length (F = 5.24, p < 0.01), and cadence (F = 8.43, p < 0.01). The effect sizes after the first, second, and third interventions compared to pre-intervention in gait speed (d = 0.39, 0.52, and 0.59) and 2MWD (d = 0.35, 0.46, and 0.57) showed a gradual improvement of gait function at every intervention. The results of the present study showed that gait function of chronic stroke patients improved over a year with periodic gait training using the HAL every few months

Circulating Fatty Acids Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in South Texas Hispanics

Background: Hispanics in South Texas have high rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liver fibrosis severity is the strongest predictive factor of NAFLD progression to HCC. We examined the association between free fatty acids (FA) and advanced liver fibrosis or HCC in this population. Methods: We quantified 45 FAs in plasma of 116 subjects of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, 15 Hispanics with HCC, and 56 first/second-degree relatives of Hispanics with HCC. Liver fibrosis was assessed by FibroScan. Results: Advanced liver fibrosis was significantly associated with low expression of very long chain (VLC) saturated FAs (SFA), odd chain SFAs, and VLC n-3 polyunsaturated FAs [PUFA; AOR; 95% confidence interval (CI), 10.4 (3.7-29.6); P \u3c 0.001; 5.7 (2.2-15.2); P \u3c 0.001; and 3.7 (1.5-9.3); P = 0.005]. VLC n3-PUFAs significantly improved the performance of the noninvasive markers for advanced fibrosis - APRI, FIB-4, and NFS. Plasma concentrations of VLC SFAs and VLC n-3 PUFAs were further reduced in patients with HCC. Low concentrations of these FAs were also observed in relatives of patients with HCC and in subjects with the PNPLA3 rs738409 homozygous genotype. Conclusions: Low plasma concentrations of VLC n-3 PUFAs and VLC SFAs were strongly associated with advanced liver fibrosis and HCC in this population. Genetic factors were associated with low concentrations of these FAs as well. Impact: These results have implications in identifying those at risk for liver fibrosis progression to HCC and in screening this population for advanced fibrosis. They also prompt the evaluation of VLC n-3 PUFA or VLC SFA supplementation to prevent cirrhosis and HCC

Transformation of sulfur to organic-inorganic hybrids employed by networks and their application for the modulation of refractive indices

In this manuscript, we present the hybrid materials with sulfur as an inorganic element. Initially, the network polymers with the polysulfide-bridged polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane were synthesized and mixed with polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). The resulting polymer blends showed higher thermal degradation temperatures than that of the polymer matrix similarly as typical hybrids. Next, it was found that the sulfur-bridging networks can increase refractive indices of the polymer matrices. Moreover, it was revealed that the loss of Abbe numbers was hardly observed by blending to conventional polymers

Biohydrogen Production under Aerial Conditions by a Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Isolated from a Steel Signboard

Hydrogen gas is attractive as a clean fuel source if it can be produced efficiently without relying on fossil fuels. Biohydrogen production using photosynthetic bacteria may enable environmentally friendly hydrogen production but is currently limited by factors such as low oxygen tolerance. In this study, we isolate a new strain of bacteria that can produce hydrogen under aerial-phase conditions compared with those under liquid-phase conditions in a nitrogen gas or an argon gas atmosphere. Bacterial strains were cultured from scrapings taken from a steel signboard. Investigation of the hydrogen production of the strains under aerial- and liquid-phase conditions and subsequent DNA sequencing led to identification of the bacterium Cereibacter sp. KGU-NF001. Aerial-phase conditions were achieved by filter membranes with the bacterial strains and placing the membranes on medium-soaked cotton wool. The gas atmosphere affected the behavior of the isolated bacterial strains under both aerial- and liquid-phase conditions. Cereibacter sp. KGU-NF001 showed promising oxygen tolerance and was able to maintain hydrogen production of 1.33 mL/mg/d even when the atmosphere contained 12% oxygen. Our findings illustrate that biohydrogen production may be achieved by photosynthetic bacteria under oxygen-containing aerial-phase conditions, indicating a possible pathway to help lower our reliance on fossil fuels

Liquid scintillators with near infrared emission based on organoboron conjugated polymers.

The organic liquid scintillators based on the emissive polymers are reported. A series of conjugated polymers containing organoboron complexes which show the luminescence in the near infrared (NIR) region were synthesized. The polymers showed good solubility in common organic solvents. From the comparison of the luminescent properties of the synthesized polymers between optical and radiation excitation, similar emission bands were detected. In addition, less significant degradation was observed. These data propose that the organoboron conjugated polymers are attractive platforms to work as an organic liquid scintillator with the emission in the NIR region

Synthetic Strategy for Low-Band Gap Oligomers and Homopolymers Using Characteristics of Thiophene-Fused Boron Dipyrromethene

In this article, we demonstrate the strategy for receiving low-band gap conjugated polymers based on thiophene-fused boron dipyrromethene (<b>TB</b>) with homopolymer structure. A series of <b>TB</b>-based polymers and oligomers with low band gaps were synthesized by oxidation coupling. The obtained polymers and their oligomers exhibited strong absorption in the range from visible to near-infrared region around 400–2000 nm (ε = 168 000–26 000 M^–1 cm^–1) originated from efficient expansion of main-chain conjugations. From the results of cyclic voltammetry, it was revealed that the <b>TB</b> derivatives have low-lying HOMOs and LUMOs. Furthermore, the <b>TB</b> derivatives showed high stability in atmosphere

Ezrin Contributes to the Plasma Membrane Expression of PD–L1 in A2780 Cells

Programmed death ligand–1 (PD–L1) is one of the immune checkpoint molecule localized on the plasma membrane of numerous cancer cells that negatively regulates T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Despite the remarkable efficacy and safety profile of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD–L1 antibodies, restricted poor therapeutic responses to ICIs are often observed in patients with ovarian cancer. Because higher expression of PD–L1 in advanced ovarian cancer is associated with a decreased survival rate, identifying the potential molecules to regulate the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of ICIs against ovarian cancers. Here, we reveal the involvement of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family, which crosslinks transmembrane proteins with the actin cytoskeleton by serving as a scaffold protein, in the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1 in the human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line A2780. Our results demonstrate that PD–L1 and all three ERMs were expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in A2780 cells, and that PD–L1 was highly colocalized with ezrin and moesin, but moderately with radixin, in the plasma membrane. Interestingly, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of ezrin, but not of radixin or moesin, substantially reduced the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1 without altering its mRNA expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that ezrin may be responsible for the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1, possibly by serving as a scaffold protein in A2780 cells. Ezrin is a potential therapeutic target for improving the efficacy of ICIs against ovarian cancers