Stereotypes as Shared Beliefs: Effects of Group Identity on Dyadic Conversations

Two experiments examined the influence of stereotypes on dyadic conversations. Undergraduate students listened to a recorded interview of a student who was described as either a member of their in-group or of an out-group. The interview contained stereotype-consistent (SC) and stereotype-inconsistent (SI) descriptions of each group. Participants' conversations about the stimulus person were content-analyzed. One most consistent result was that for the out-group target, participants made more SI than SC utterances and spent more time discussing SI information. The difference between SC and SI utterances disappeared (Study 2) or was reversed (Study 1) for the in-group target. These patterns were observed particularly when the stimulus information contained a balanced combination of SC and SI characteristics. Furthermore, the stereotypicality of the conversations was related not only to the participant's own judgments but also to the partner's judgments. The significance of studying stereotypes as collectively shared intergroup attitudes is discussed

Analysis of the Optimum Tapering Angle in Microanastomosis Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Background: In free flap transfer, size discrepancy between the vascular pedicle and recipient vessel can create a problem for microsurgeons and sometimes induces postoperative thrombus formation. When there is a major difference between the diameters of the vascular pedicle and the recipient vessel, the larger vessel is often tapered to perform the anastomosis properly. However, the decision on the tapering angle used depends mostly on the operator’s experience. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to investigate the optimum tapering angle. Methods: Using ANSYS ICEM 16.0 (ANSYS Japan, Tokyo, Japan), simulated vessels of diameters 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm were designed and then used to produce four anastomosis models with the 3.0-mm vessel tapered at angles of 15º, 30º, 60º, and 90º (no tapering). Venous perfusion with a mean value of 13.0 mL/min was simulated, and this was passed through the four anastomosis models in both the forward direction (F), from the smaller to the larger vessel, and the retrograde direction (R), from the larger to the smaller vessel. The velocity, wall shear stress (WSS), and oscillatory shear index (OSI) were measured in these eight patterns and then analyzed using OpenFOAM version 5. Results: The decrease in velocity was limiting. The WSS was greater in the R direction than the F direction at every tapering angle. The OSI also tended to be almost the same in the F direction, and lower at smaller tapering angles in the R direction. And, it was greater in the F direction than in the R direction at every tapering angle. The OSI values for 15º and 30º were almost identical in the R direction. Conclusion: The risk of thrombus formation is thought to be lower when tapering is used for anastomosis if the direction of flow is from the larger to the smaller vessel, rather than vice versa. These results also suggest that the optimum tapering angle is approximately 30º in both directions

Licochalcone A Potently Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor ␣- Induced Nuclear Factor-B Activation through the Direct Inhibition of IB Kinase Complex Activation

ABSTRACT Glycyrrhiza inflata has been used as a traditional medicine with anti-inflammatory activity; however, its mechanism has not been fully understood. Licochalcone A is a major and biogenetically characteristic chalcone isolated from G. inflata. Here, we found that licochalcone A strongly inhibited tumor necrosis (TNF)-␣-induced nuclear localization, DNA binding activity, and the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-B (NF-B). Whereas licochalcone A had no effect on the recruitment of receptor-interacting protein 1 and IB kinase ␤ (IKK␤) to TNF receptor I by TNF-␣, it significantly inhibited TNF-␣-induced IB kinase complex (IKK) activation and inhibitor of nuclear factor-B degradation. It is interesting that we found that the cysteine residue at position 179 of IKK␤ is essential for licochalcone A-induced IKK inhibition, because licochalcone A failed to affect the kinase activity of the IKK␤ (C179A) mutant. In contrast, a structurally related compound, echinatin, failed to inhibit TNF-␣-induced IKK activation and NF-B activation, suggesting that the 1,1-dimethy-2-propenyl group in licochalcone A is important for the inhibition of NF-B. In addition, TNF-␣-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines CCL2/ monocyte chemotactic protein-1and CXCL1/KC was clearly inhibited by licochalcone A but not echinatin. Taken together, licochalcone A might contribute to the potent anti-inflammatory effect of G. inflata through the inhibition of IKK activation

Caridade e demanda : um estudo de acusação e conflito na umbanda em Marilia

Orientador: Peter Henry FryDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias HumanasResumo: Não informadoAbstract: Not informedMestradoMestre em Antropologia Socia

前立腺癌患者における骨転移および続発性骨粗鬆症診断に対する尿中NTX測定の有用性

〔目的〕骨代謝マーカーであるtype I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides(NTX)の尿中濃度は骨粗鬆症,副甲状腺機能亢進症および悪性腫瘍の骨転移診断に有用であると言われている.今回我々は前立腺患者の尿中NTXを測定し,骨転移やホルモン療法による続発性骨粗鬆症の診断に対する有用性について検討を行った.〔対象と方法〕前立腺癌と診断された51症例に対して骨代謝マーカーである尿中NTX,血中pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen(ICTP),血中carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen(PIPC),血中bone specific alkaline phosphatase(BAP)の測定を行い,それぞれのマーカーとの相関,ホルモン療法および骨転移との関係について検討した.〔結果〕ホルモン療法の期間と尿中NTXには有意な相関(p=0.008)を認めた.治療法に従って2群に分け,各骨代謝マーカーについて検討した.尿中NTXはホルモン療法群で非ホルモン療法群に比して有意に高値を示した.骨転移の有無で2群に分け,各骨代謝マーカーについて検討した.2群間で各骨代謝マーカーに有意差は認められなかった.〔結論〕ホルモン療法の期間と尿中NTXに相関が認められた.長期ホルモン療法の患者では尿中NTXの定期的な測定により,早期の続発性骨粗鬆症の診断および治療に有用であると思われた.[Aim] A high urinary level of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides (NTX), a bone metabolism marker, is associated with osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, and bone metastasis in patients with malignant tumors. We investigated the significance and usefulness of measuring the urinary NTX concentration for detection of bone metastasis (BM) and secondary osteoporosis due to hormone therapy (HT) in prostate cancer patients. [Methods] The levels of four bone metabolism markers, urinary NTX, blood ICTP, blood PIPC, and blood BAP, in 51 patients with prostate cancer, were compared with whether patients received HT and the status of bone metastasis. [Results] The duration of HT was significantly correlated with urinary NTX concentration (p=0.008). The urinary NTX concentration was significantly higher in patients who received HT than in patients who did not. There were no significant differences in the levels of the four metabolism markers between patients who did or did not have bone metastasis. [Conclusion] The duration of HT was correlated with the urinary NTX concentration. In patients who have received long-term HT, periodical measurement of urinary NTX level is considered to be useful for early detection and treatment of secondary osteoporosis

前立腺癌患者における骨転移および続発性骨粗鬆症診断に対する尿中NTX測定の有用性

〔目的〕骨代謝マーカーであるtype I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides(NTX)の尿中濃度は骨粗鬆症,副甲状腺機能亢進症および悪性腫瘍の骨転移診断に有用であると言われている.今回我々は前立腺患者の尿中NTXを測定し,骨転移やホルモン療法による続発性骨粗鬆症の診断に対する有用性について検討を行った.〔対象と方法〕前立腺癌と診断された51症例に対して骨代謝マーカーである尿中NTX,血中pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen(ICTP),血中carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen(PIPC),血中bone specific alkaline phosphatase(BAP)の測定を行い,それぞれのマーカーとの相関,ホルモン療法および骨転移との関係について検討した.〔結果〕ホルモン療法の期間と尿中NTXには有意な相関(p=0.008)を認めた.治療法に従って2群に分け,各骨代謝マーカーについて検討した.尿中NTXはホルモン療法群で非ホルモン療法群に比して有意に高値を示した.骨転移の有無で2群に分け,各骨代謝マーカーについて検討した.2群間で各骨代謝マーカーに有意差は認められなかった.〔結論〕ホルモン療法の期間と尿中NTXに相関が認められた.長期ホルモン療法の患者では尿中NTXの定期的な測定により,早期の続発性骨粗鬆症の診断および治療に有用であると思われた.[Aim] A high urinary level of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides (NTX), a bone metabolism marker, is associated with osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, and bone metastasis in patients with malignant tumors. We investigated the significance and usefulness of measuring the urinary NTX concentration for detection of bone metastasis (BM) and secondary osteoporosis due to hormone therapy (HT) in prostate cancer patients. [Methods] The levels of four bone metabolism markers, urinary NTX, blood ICTP, blood PIPC, and blood BAP, in 51 patients with prostate cancer, were compared with whether patients received HT and the status of bone metastasis. [Results] The duration of HT was significantly correlated with urinary NTX concentration (p=0.008). The urinary NTX concentration was significantly higher in patients who received HT than in patients who did not. There were no significant differences in the levels of the four metabolism markers between patients who did or did not have bone metastasis. [Conclusion] The duration of HT was correlated with the urinary NTX concentration. In patients who have received long-term HT, periodical measurement of urinary NTX level is considered to be useful for early detection and treatment of secondary osteoporosis