Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus Species Isolated in Raw Chicken Meat from Retail Stores

The study was aimed at evaluating the presence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retailed raw chicken meat from retail stores intended for human consumption. The presence, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus from 38 retail raw chicken meat samples was performed using a standard microbiological method involving mannitol salt agar (MSA) and Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA). All the samples were positive for Staphylococcus species, of which 34 (89.5%) were positive for S. aureus. The S. aureus isolates were most resistant to tetracycline (88.24%), erythromycin (82.35%), and chloramphenicol (61.77%). Nevertheless, decreased resistance towards gentamycin (23.53%) and cotrimoxazole (38.24%) were recorded. All the S. aureus isolates in this study were resistant to cloxacillin, amoxicillin, and augmentin (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid). The present findings show how the raw chicken meat samples could be a potential source of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains dissemination. Therefore, this study suggests high-level contamination of meat with multidrug-resistant S. aureus and highlights the public health consequences of consuming such products. Undoubtedly, uncontrolled drugs in food animal production as growth stimulators or medicinal treatment present a possible consequence to people’s health. Having the aforementioned in mind, there is a necessity to control the use of drugs and monitor any residues left in the food intended for human consumption.This research was supported by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, and through a Beatriz Galindo Fellowship of the Ministerio de Educacion y Formacion Profesional, Spanish Government (BGP18/00062)

The Pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 as a Worldwide Health Safety Risk

The novel SARS virus, known as SARS-CoV-2, and the disease it causes, are acknowledged as a worldwide pandemic, thus breaking confusion on natural life and economies over the globe. The magnitude of the outbreak of COVID-19, which has been discovered relatively recently, and its massive impact on lives, societies, and the affected countries' economies is unparalleled. Cases of COVID-19 infection have been reported in 212 countries, with more than 71.2 million people have been affected till December 2020, resulting in more than 1.6 million deaths. All around the world, COVID-19 was transmitted through human-to-human, which has resulted in a worldwide outbreak. To decrease new infections and transmissions, measures such as lockdown has been applied in affected countries. However, all the daily activities were moved to a virtual reality, which adds more impact to investigate the virtual reality's future and its significant impact during this challenging time. This paper presents a short insight on the outbreak of coronavirus, COVID-19, by providing an analysis of the confirmed cases and discussing the disease's impact on social lives, gender influences, gyms as a safe and healthy places, economies, and health safety risks worldwide between humans and pet animal

Utjecaj esencijalnog ulja čajevca (Melaleuca alternifolia) kao dodatka prehrani na proizvodna svojstva, oksidacijski status krvi i liječenje kokcidioze u kokoši nesilica

Aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil in the nutrition of laying hens on table egg production, antioxidant activity and potential as a natural anticoccidial drug. A total of 360 Lohmann Brown laying hens aged 54 weeks were divided into 3 different treatment diets, supplemented with 0 (T1), 40 (T2) and 80 mg/kg (T3) tea tree essential oil, respectively. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 30 birds each. The experiment lasted 56 days in total (55 to 62 weeks of hen age). The 56 day experimental period was divided into 2 periods of 28 days duration each: period 1 (55 to 58 weeks of hens age) and period 2 (59 to 62 weeks of hens age). The hens’ blood oxidative status, including glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the anticoccidial effects of tea tree on Eimeria spp. compared to the unsupplemented control treatment, were evaluated. With the diet supplemented with tea tree essential oil, hen-day egg production improved significantly (P0.05). The anticoccidial activity of tea tree essential oil caused a significant (P 0,05). Antikokcidijalna aktivnost esencijalnog ulja čajevca utjecala je na znakovito smanjenje (P < 0,05) broja oocista Eimeria spp. po kokoši. Na temelju rezultata ovoga istraživanja može se zaključiti da je dodatak esencijalnog ulja čajevca povećao dnevnu proizvodnju jaja i smanjio formiranje oocista, stoga se ono može upotrijebiti kao profilaktički dodatak prehrani kokoši nesilica. Također se pokazalo da je ulje čajevca važno u aktivaciji antioksidacijskog zaštitnog sustava u kokoši

Efficacy of λ-cyhalothrin, amitraz, and phoxim against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer, 1778 (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae): an eight-year survey

ABSTRACTDermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is a major problem for the poultry industry worldwide, as it negatively affects virtually all kinds of rearing systems. Therefore, the control of infest..

Optical characterization of alternaria spp. Contaminated wheat grain and its influence in early broilers nutrition on oxidative stress

The aim of this research was the visual characterization and investigating the effects of Alternaria spp. contaminated wheat grains in the starter stage of broilers nutrition on productive parameters and oxidative stress. The research was divided into two phases. Bunches of wheat in post-harvest period of year 2020 was collected from a various locality in Serbia and Albania. In the first phase, collected samples were visual characterized by Alternaria spp. presence by color measurement methods. Gained results are conferred in the range of the color properties of grain color properties of Alternaria toxins. Wheat grain samples were significantly different (p 0.05). Alternaria spp. contaminated diet increased glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and decreased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) serum levels, respectively. Built on the achieved results, it can be concluded that the wheat contaminated with Alternaria spp. in broilers nutrition negatively affected growth, decreased oxidative protection and interrupted chicken welfare in the first period of life

Antimikrobna rezistencija sojeva Staphylococcus aureus izoliranih iz uzoraka sirovog kravljeg mlijeka s područja Albanije i Srbije

This research aimed to determine the prevalence rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow milk samples in Albania and Serbia. A total of 100 raw milk samples, 50 from Albania and 50 from Serbia, have been collected from randomly selected cattle farms. Twelve samples (12%) were positive for S. aureus, five of those originating from Albania (41.66%) and seven from Serbia (58.33%). Resistance of isolated S. aureus strains to ampicillin in milk samples from Albania (36.7%) and Serbia (34.1%) was the most common. Some of S. aureus strains from milk samples from Albania were resistant to tetracycline (16.9%), while isolates from milk samples from Serbia were more resistant towards oxacillin (18%). The recorded resistance towards erythromycin (13.2%; 13.1%), and sulfatrim (7.6%; 6.9%) was similar between both milk samples, respectively. The obtained results have shown higher resistance of S. aureus strains towards cephalothin in milk samples from Serbia (3.9%) compared to milk samples from Albania (1.6%), respectively. All isolates tested for antibiotic sensitivity were susceptible to methicillin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. The obtained results regarding the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics indicated that isolates were resistant to tetracycline, oxacillin, erythromycin, and ampicillin, respectively. Results of our investigation have shown that the found antibiotics residues are related to the usage of erythromycin (72.6% and 73.9%), followed by ampicillin (70.4% and 71.2%) while residues of ciprofloxacin in the analysed milk samples was not registered.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi stopu prevalencije antimikrobne rezistencije (AMR) Staphylococcus aureus izoliranog iz uzoraka sirovog kravljeg mlijeka u Albaniji i Srbiji. Na nasumično odabranim farmama krava prikupljeno je ukupno 100 uzoraka sirovog mlijeka, 50 iz Albanije i 50 iz Srbije. Dvanaest uzoraka (12 %) je bilo pozitivno na S. aureus, od čega je pet bilo porijeklom iz Albanije (41,66 %) i sedam iz Srbije (58,33%). Rezistentnost izoliranih sojeva S. aureus na ampicilin u oba uzorka mlijeka iz Albanije (36,7 %) i Srbije (34,1 %) bio je najčešći. Neki sojevi S. aureus iz uzoraka mlijeka iz Albanije bili su rezistentni na tetraciklin (16,9 %), dok su izolati iz uzoraka mlijeka iz Srbije bili rezistentni na oksacilin (18 %). Zabilježena rezistencija na eritromicin (13,2 %; 13,1 %) i sulfatrim (7,6 %; 6,9 %) bila je slična između oba uzorka mlijeka. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su veću rezistentnost sojeva S. aureus prema cefalotinu u uzorcima mlijeka iz Srbije (3,9 %), u odnosu na uzorke mlijeka iz Albanije (1,6 %). Svi izolati testirani na rezistentnost na antibiotike bili su osjetljivi na meticilin, vankomicin, kloramfenikol i ciprofloksacin. Rezultati dobiveni određivanjem minimalnih inhibitornih koncentracija (MIC) antibiotika pokazali su da su izolati rezistentni na tetraciklin, oksacilin, eritromicin i ampicilin. Rezultati našeg istraživanja pokazali su kako su pronađeni ostaci antibiotika povezani s upotrebom eritromicina (72,6 % i 73,9 %) i ampicilina (70,4% i 71,2%), dok ostaci ciprofloksacina u ispitivanim uzorcima mlijeka nisu registrirani

multiple antimicrobial resistance among avian escherichia coli strains in albania

In this study, 101 Escherichia (E.) coli isolates from broilers, laying hens and turkeys which had died from colibacillosis, collected from 37 intensive and rural farms in Albania, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility toward 12 different molecules. The highest levels of resistance were observed for Erythromycin (E) (100%) Amoxicillin (AMX) (99.1%), Tetracycline (TE 30) (96.07%), Streptomycin (STR) (93.07%) and Neomycin (N30) (85.15%). Considerable resistance was also detected for fluoroquinolones. Moreover, 73.33% of E. coli resistant to at least one fluoroquinolone were also resistant to the two other fluoroquinolones checked. No evident differences were found between the E. coli from intensive and from rural farms. Multiple antibiotic resistance was expressed by all the E. coli tested. 23.63% and 17.39% of E. coli isolated from intensive and rural farms, respectively, were resistant towards all the drugs tested. These data would seem to indicate incorrect use of antibiotics on poultry farms in Albania

Salmonella spp. in Pigs Slaughtered in Small and Medium-Sized Abattoirs in Central Italy: Preliminary Results on Occurrence and Control Strategies

Salmonella in pork is still a relevant safety issue in the EU, and specific regulations are in force to control this hazard in the meat chain, in a from farm to fork perspective. In Italy, the control is mainly based on official sampling at the slaughterhouse level. The prevalence of Salmonella, and isolated serovars, was investigated during a three-year survey in small and medium slaughterhouses in central Italy. A total of 400 pig carcasses samples were collected by official authorities during the observation period. Data were also analyzed according to the year and season of sampling. The overall Salmonella prevalence in the five selected abattoirs was 13%, with no differences due to the slaughterhouses size and seasons of sampling. An increasing trend in Salmonella prevalence was registered over the years. The main serovars detected were Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- and Derby. The data emphasized that the number of contaminated carcasses is relatively high with respect to the level set by EU legislation, and equally distributed in the area, and therefore, appropriate monitoring and control strategies also need to be developed at the farm level

Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Meat Chickens on Farms and at Slaughter toward Antimicrobials with Public Health Relevance

The spread of resistant bacteria from livestock to the food industry promoted an increase of alternative poultry production systems, such as organic and antibiotic-free ones, based on the lack of antimicrobial use, except in cases in which welfare is compromised. We aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from organic, antibiotic-free, and conventional broiler farms and slaughterhouses toward several antimicrobials critically important for human health. To assess antimicrobial susceptibility, all E. coli isolates and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli were analysed by the microdilution method. The prevalence of tigecycline, azithromycin and gentamicin E. coli-resistant strains was highest in organic samplings. Conversely, the lowest prevalence of resistant E. coli strains was observed for cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin in organic systems, representing a significant protective factor compared to conventional systems. All E. coli strains were colistin-susceptible. Contamination of the external environment by drug-resistant bacteria could play a role in the presence of resistant strains detected in organic systems. Of interest is the highest prevalence of cephalosporin resistance of E. coli in conventional samplings, since they are not permitted in poultry. Our results suggest that monitoring of antibiotic resistance of the production chain may be helpful to detect “risks” inherent to different rearing systems

mcr-1-Mediated Colistin Resistance and Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in ESBL-Producing Salmonella Infantis Strains from a Broiler Meat Production Chain in Italy

This work aimed to evaluate phenotypically and genotypically the colistin susceptibility of 85 Salmonella Infantis strains isolated in Italy from the broiler production chain, and to apply a whole-genome approach for the determination of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR). All isolates were tested by the broth microdilution method to evaluate the colistin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). A multiplex PCR was performed in all isolates for the screening of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3 mcr-4, mcr-5 genes and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of six S. Infantis was applied. Three out of 85 (3.5%) S. Infantis strains were colistin resistant (MIC values ranged from 4 to 8 mg/L) and mcr-1 positive. The mcr-1.1 and mcr-1.2 variants located on the IncX4 plasmid were detected in three different colistin-resistant isolates. The two allelic variants showed identical sequences. All six isolates harbored blaCTXM-1, aac(6&prime;)-Iaa and gyrA/parC genes, mediating, respectively, beta-lactam, aminoglycoside and quinolone resistance. The pESI-megaplasmid carrying tet(A) (tetracycline resistance), dfrA1, (trimethoprim resistance) sul1, (sulfonamide resistance) and qacE (quaternary ammonium resistance) genes was found in all isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the mcr-1.2 variant described in S. Infantis isolated from broilers chickens. Our results also showed a low prevalence of colistin- resistance, probably due to a reduction in colistin use in poultry. This might suggest an optimization of biosecurity control both on farms and in slaughterhouses