Fülogeneetilise mitmekesisuse korrastamine kolme kottseenerühma näitel

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Paljusid seenerühmi iseloomustab taksonoomiline korratus. Selle põhjuseks on selliste morfoloogiliste tunnuste vähesus, mida saaks kasutada taksonite piiritlemiseks. Vaieldavaks on osutunud ka kottseente suurimate seltside Pezizales, Hypocreales ja Helotiales süstemaatika. Töö käigus uuriti geneetilist varieeruvust ja eri tasemel taksonite piire kolmes seenerühmas: perekonna Hypomyces (Hypocreales) väikses lähedaste liikide rühmas liigi tasemel, perekonnas Geopora (Pezizales) liigi ja perekonna tasemel ning perekonnas Encoelia (Helotiales) sugukonna tasemel kättesaadavate liikide piires. Fülogeneetilisteks analüüsideks kasutati nii rDNA kui ka erinevate valgugeenide järjestusi. Hypomyces rosellus osutus parafüleetiliseks, sisaldades mitut juba kirjeldatud liiki kui ka morfoloogiliselt eristamatuid rühmi erineva peremehe-eelistuse ja geograafilise levikuga. Enamik seenekasvandusi laastavatest selle perekonna parasiitsetest tüvedest kuuluvad liiki Hypomyces odoratus. Perekond Geopora leiti olevat parafüleetiline. Suletud ja avatud viljakehadega liigid moodustasid kaks tugeva toetusega monofüleetilist rühma, mida soovitame tunnustada eraldi perekondadena. Monofüleetilisteks liikideks osutusid G. arenicola, G. tenuis, G. sepulta ja G. tolucana. Perekond Encoelia osutus polüfüleetiliseks. Perekonna tüüpliik E. furfuracea kuulub sugukonna Hemiphacidiaceae sõsarrühma. Vaid kaks liiki paigutusid kindlalt monofüleetilistesse sugukondadesse Sclerotiniaceae ja Rutstroemiaceae. Kolm liiki kuuluvad monofüleetilisse rühmitusse ’Encoelioideae’ sensu Peterson & Pfister. rDNA ITS regiooni lahutusvõime perekondades Geopora ja Encoelia on piisav võimaldamaks selle kasutamist liikide tuvastamiseks. Perekonna Hypomyces uuritud liikide rühmas jääb ITS regiooni lahutusvõime liikide eristamisel liiga nõrgaks. Valgugeenide kasutamine fülogeneetilistes analüüsides annab parema lahutuse ja tugevamad toetused harudele. Töö käigus kogutud DNA järjestused, mis on eraldatud usaldusväärselt määratud viljakehadest, aitavad määrata keskkonna- ja põllumajanduslikest proovidest seeneliike.Systematics of many fungal groups at different taxonomic levels has remained obscure. This can be ascribed to scarceness of morphological characters that are used for recognition of taxa. Pezizales, Hypocreales and Helotiales are three of the largest orders among ascomycetes with debatable taxonomy. In this study, genetic variability and taxon boundaries of different ranks were assessed in selected genera: at species level in a small subgroup of Hypomyces (Hypocreales), at species and genus level in Geopora (Pezizales), and at family level in available species of Encoelia (Helotiales, incertae sedis). rDNA as well as several protein-coding genes were used to assess phylogenetic relationships. Hypomyces rosellus turned out to be paraphyletic, comprising several cryptic as well as previously described species that have different patterns of geographical distribution and host specificity. The majority of isolates causing cobweb disease in mushroom farms were found to belong to Hypomyces odoratus. The genus Geopora is paraphyletic. Ascocarp type provides morphological distinction of two well-supported monophyletic groups which we suggest to recognise as separate genera. Apothecial G. arenicola, G. tenuis and G. sepulta and ptychothecial G. tolucana are recognised as monophyletic species. The genus Encoelia is highly polyphyletic. The type species of the genus, E. furfuracea, forms a strongly supported sister group to Hemiphacidiaceae. Only two species can be unequivocally placed to monophyletic families, Sclerotiniaceae and Rutstroemiaceae, respectively. Three species were found to belong to the monophyletic group ‘Encoelioideae’ sensu Peterson & Pfister. In Geopora and Encoelia, the resolving power of rDNA ITS enables to use this region as barcoding gene. In studied species of Hypomyces, however, the ITS does not provide sufficient distinction. Incorporation of protein-coding gene sequences in phylogenetic analyses greatly improves the resolution and support values for most branches in phylogenetic trees. Reference sequences from reliably identified fruit-bodies obtained in this study can help with identification of numerous fungal species from environmental and agricultural samples

Neue Erkenntnisse zur Ertragsrelevanz der Kraut- und Knollenfäule

Zur Kontrolle der Kraut- und Knollenfäule (Phytophthora infestans) im ökologischen Kartoffelanbau wurde in einem EU-Forschungsprojekt ein Systemansatz entwickelt. Ziel war unter anderem, den Einsatz von Kupferfungiziden zu reduzieren

Properties of brightest group galaxies in cosmic web filaments

Context. The cosmic web, a complex network of galaxy groups and clusters connected by filaments, is a dynamical environment in which galaxies form and evolve. However, the impact of cosmic filaments on the properties of galaxies is difficult to study because of the much more influential local (galaxy-group scale) environment. Aims. The aim of this paper is to investigate the dependence of intrinsic galaxy properties on distance to the nearest cosmic web filament, using a sample of galaxies for which the local environment is easily assessable.} Methods. Our study is based on a volume-limited galaxy sample with $M_\mathrm{r}$ $\leq -19$ mag, drawn from the SDSS DR12. We chose brightest group galaxies (BGGs) in groups with two to six members as our probes of the impact of filamentary environment because their local environment can be determined more accurately. We use the Bisous marked point process method to detect cosmic-web filaments with radii of $0.5-1.0$ Mpc and measure the perpendicular filament spine distance ($D_{\mathrm{fil}}$) for the BGGs. We limit our study to $D_{\mathrm{fil}}$ values up to 4 Mpc. We use the luminosity density field as a tracer of the local environment. To achieve uniformity of the sample and to reduce potential biases we only consider filaments longer than 5 Mpc. Our final sample contains 1427 BGGs. Results. We note slight deviations between the galaxy populations inside and outside the filament radius in terms of stellar mass, colour, the 4000AA break, specific star formation rates, and morphologies. However, all these differences remain below 95% confidence and are negligible compared to the effects arising from local environment density. Conclusions. Within a 4 Mpc radius of the filament axes, the effect of filaments on BGGs is marginal. The local environment is the main factor in determining BGG properties.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in A&

2-Substituted agelasine analogs : synthesis and biological activity, and structure and reactivity of synthetic intermediates

2-Substituted N-methoxy-9-methyl-9H-purin-6-amines were synthesized either from their corresponding 6-chloro-9-methyl-9H-purines or 2-chloro-N-methoxy-9-methyl- 9H-purin-6-amine. Great diversity in the amino/imino tautomeric ratios was observed and calculated based on 1H NMR. The tautomers were identified by 1D and 2D 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR techniques, and showed significant variation both in 13C and 15N shift values. Comparison of the tautomeric ratios with Hammett F values revealed that as the field/inductive withdrawing abilities of the 2-substituent increased, the ratio of amino:imino tautomers was shifted toward the amino tautomer. Computational chemistry exposed the significance of hydrogen bonding between solvent and the compound in question to reach accurate predictions for tautomeric ratios. B3LYP/def2-TZVP density functional theory (DFT) calculations resulted in quantitatively more accurate predictions than when employing the less expensive BP86 functional. N-7-Alkylation of the 2-substituted N-methoxy-9-methyl-9H-purin-6- amines showed that when the field/inductive withdrawing ability of the 2-substituent reached a certain point the reactivity drastically dropped. This correlated with the atomic charges on N-7 calculated using a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Biological screening of the final 2-substituted agelasine analogs indicated that the introduction of a methyl group in the 2-position is advantageous for antimycobacterial and antiprotozoal activity, and that an amino function may improve activity against several cancer cell lines

The Corona Borealis supercluster: connectivity, collapse, and evolution

We present a study of the Corona Borealis (CB) supercluster. We determined the high-density cores of the CB and the richest galaxy clusters in them, and studied their dynamical state and galaxy content. We determined filaments in the supercluster to analyse the connectivity of clusters. We compared the mass distribution in the CB with predictions from the spherical collapse model and analysed the acceleration field in the CB. We found that at a radius $R_{\mathrm{30}}$ around clusters in the CB (A2065, A2061, A2089, and Gr2064) (corresponding to the density contrast $\Delta\rho \approx 30$), the galaxy distribution shows a minimum. The $R_{30}$ values for individual clusters lie in the range of $3 - 6$ $h^{-1}$ Mpc. The radii of the clusters (splashback radii) lie in the range of $R_{\mathrm{cl}} \approx 2 - 3$ $R_{\mathrm{vir}}$. The projected phase space diagrams and the comparison with the spherical collapse model suggest that $R_{\mathrm{30}}$ regions have passed turnaround and are collapsing. Galaxy content in clusters varies strongly. The cluster A2061 has the highest fraction of galaxies with old stellar populations, and A2065 has the highest fraction of galaxies with young stellar populations. The number of long filaments near clusters vary from one at A2089 to five at A2061. During the future evolution, the clusters in the main part of the CB may merge and form one of the largest bound systems in the nearby Universe. Another part of the CB, with the cluster Gr2064, will form a separate system. The structures with a current density contrast $\Delta\rho \approx 30$ have passed turnaround and started to collapse at redshifts $z \approx 0.3 - 0.4$. The comparison of the number and properties of the most massive collapsing supercluster cores from observations and simulations may serve as a test for cosmological models.Comment: 24 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Properties of brightest group galaxies in cosmic web filaments

Context. The cosmic web, a complex network of galaxy groups and clusters connected by filaments, is a dynamical environment in which galaxies form and evolve. However, the impact of cosmic filaments on the properties of galaxies is difficult to study because of the much more influential local (galaxy-group scale) environment.Aims. The aim of this paper is to investigate the dependence of intrinsic galaxy properties on distance to the nearest cosmic web filament, using a sample of galaxies for which the local environment is easily assessable.Methods. Our study is based on a volume-limited galaxy sample with M-r <= -19 mag, drawn from the SDSS DR12. We chose brightest group galaxies (BGGs) in groups with two to six members as our probes of the impact of filamentary environment because their local environment can be determined more accurately. We use the Bisous marked point process method to detect cosmic-web filaments with radii of 0.5-1.0 Mpc and measure the perpendicular filament spine distance (D-fil) for the BGGs. We limit our study to D-fil values up to 4 Mpc. We use the luminosity density field as a tracer of the local environment. To achieve uniformity of the sample and to reduce potential biases we only consider filaments longer than 5 Mpc. Our final sample contains 1427 BGGs.Results. We note slight deviations between the galaxy populations inside and outside the filament radius in terms of stellar mass, colour, the 4000 angstrom break, specific star formation rates, and morphologies. However, all these differences remain below 95% confidence and are negligible compared to the effects arising from local environment density.Conclusions. Within a 4 Mpc radius of the filament axes, the effect of filaments on BGGs is marginal. The local environment is the main factor in determining BGG properties

Eukaryotic genome size databases

Three independent databases of eukaryotic genome size information have been launched or re-released in updated form since 2005: the Plant DNA C-values Database (), the Animal Genome Size Database () and the Fungal Genome Size Database (). In total, these databases provide freely accessible genome size data for >10 000 species of eukaryotes assembled from more than 50 years' worth of literature. Such data are of significant importance to the genomics and broader scientific community as fundamental features of genome structure, for genomics-based comparative biodiversity studies, and as direct estimators of the cost of complete sequencing programs

Mothers construct fathers: Destabilized patriarchy in La Leche League

This paper examines changing masculine ideals from the point of view of women homemakers through a case study of La Leche League, a maternalist organization dedicated to breastfeeding and mother primacy. We suggest two reasons for studying the League: first, an emerging literature suggests that changing norms are seeping into many such seemingly conservative groups, and second, the League continues to be highly successful among white, middle-class, married women. The paper looks at two aspects of masculinity, examining changes in the League through fieldwork, interviews, and content analysis, and finds that new norms of increased father involvement and decreased rights over women's bodies have both influenced League philosophy. We conclude that while in some respects a measure of the decline of men's patriarchal privileges, the League's changes also may contribute to a “restabilization” of male dominance in a modified, partial form.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43548/1/11133_2004_Article_BF00990071.pd

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570