Otitis Media Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the prevalence and management of many pediatric infectious diseases, including acute otitis media (AOM). Coronaviruses are a group of RNA viruses that cause respiratory tract infections in humans. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, coronavirus serotypes OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63 were infrequently detected in middle ear fluid (MEF) specimens and nasopharyngeal aspirates in children with AOM during the 1990s and 2000s and were associated with a mild course of the disease. At times when CoV was detected in OM cases, the overall viral load was relatively low. The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen responsible for the eruption of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Following the pandemic declaration in many countries and by the World Health Organization in March 2020, preventive proactive measures were imposed to limit COVID-19. These included social distancing; lockdowns; closure of workplaces; kindergartens and schools; increased hygiene; use of antiseptics and alcohol-based gels; frequent temperature measurements and wearing masks. These measures were not the only ones taken, as hospitals and clinics tried to minimize treating non-urgent medical referrals such as OM, and elective surgical procedures were canceled, such as ventilating tube insertion (VTI). These changes and regulations altered the way OM is practiced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Advents in technology allowed a vast use of telemedicine technologies for OM, however, the accuracy of AOM diagnosis in those encounters was in doubt, and antibiotic prescription rates were still reported to be high. There was an overall decrease in AOM episodes and admissions rates and with high spontaneous resolution rates of MEF in children, and a reduction in VTI surgeries. Despite an initial fear regarding viral shedding during myringotomy, the procedure was shown to be safe. Special draping techniques for otologic surgery were suggested. Other aspects of OM practice included the presentation of adult patients with AOM who tested positive for SARS-2-CoV and its detection in MEF samples in living patients and in the mucosa of the middle ear and mastoid in post-mortem specimens

The effect of immunization with pneumococcal conjugated vaccines on Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance patterns in acute otitis media

Following the introduction of 7- and 13-pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in Israel, we demonstrated that within Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) positive middle ear cultures, obtained from young children with severe acute otitis media (AOM) episodes, there were more penicillin-susceptible and less multi-drug resistant Sp isolates in PCV immunized children

The effect of immunization with pneumococcal conjugated vaccines on Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance patterns in acute otitis media

AbstractFollowing the introduction of 7- and 13-pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in Israel, we demonstrated that within Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) positive middle ear cultures, obtained from young children with severe acute otitis media (AOM) episodes, there were more penicillin-susceptible and less multi-drug resistant Sp isolates in PCV immunized children

‘The catcher in the rye’ – a case report of a swallowed grain and a peculiar neck abscess

AbstractInhalation or swallowing of foreign bodies (FBs) are relatively common in the pediatric population, with a male predominance. Obtaining relevant clinical history, in these situations, may be a challenge, due to the fact that young children cannot give a detailed account of what happened and in some cases an adult caretaker may not have been present. In order to complicate even further, many aspirated or swallowed FBs in children tend to be small and radiolucent, making the radiological diagnosis even more challenging. A 16-year-old healthy male presented to the emergency room with the chief complaint of a swollen mass in the left midjugular area of his neck, off-midline. He recalled, that 3 months prior to the incident, he accidentally swallowed a grain of wheat while picking his teeth. One month later, he started complaining of intermittent dysphagia as well as localized edema and erythema in his neck, without pyrexia. Two months later, a neck ultrasound demonstrated a 7 mm hyper echogenic linear mass in a small fluid collection. A contrast enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan of the soft tissues of the neck revealed an abscess measuring 0.8*2.36*2.0 cm, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. Due to the fact that a superficial collection was diagnosed, the patient underwent incision and drainage during which a splinter of a grain of wheat, measuring 1 cm in length, was surgically extracted. In cases of localized neck masses, FBs should be considered as a possible cause, especially in children

Pediatric Patient with Lemierre Syndrome of the External Jugular Vein: Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction Lemierre syndrome (LS) involving the external jugular vein (EJV) is rare, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. Objectives To report a case of LS involving the external jugular vein as well as to make a review of the literature regarding both diagnosis and management strategies. Data Synthesis We describe a case of LS involving the EJV and review the literature of previously published articles to search for additional cases. A PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of science-based search was performed to determine the scope of coverage in well-reported articles in English. Twenty-one papers were retrieved and documented for age, incidence, pathogen, presenting symptoms, imaging, treatment, and outcome, which were noted for each of these cases. In our literature review of 21 papers, there were 16 patients (61%) in their 2nd and 3rd decades of life. Lemierre syndrome was shown to affect females and males equally. The presenting symptoms were a sore throat and fever. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics, and there is no consensus regarding treatment with anticoagulation. Conclusions The present case report and review of the literature emphasize the importance of history taking as well as physical examination in what seems to be a case of simple tonsillitis