Moderating or mediating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic inequalities in child health in high-income countries – a scoping review

Background: By explaining the development of health inequalities, eco-social theories highlight the importance of social environments that children are embedded in. The most important environment during early childhood is the family, as it profoundly influences children’s health through various characteristics. These include family processes, family structure/size, and living conditions, and are closely linked to the socioeconomic position (SEP) of the family. Although it is known that the SEP contributes to health inequalities in early childhood, the effects of family characteristics on health inequalities remain unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to synthesise existing research on the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic health inequalities (HI) during early childhood in high-income countries. Methods: This review followed the methodology of “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews”. To identify German and English scientific peer-reviewed literature published from January 1st, 2000, to December 19th, 2019, the following search term blocks were linked with the logical operator “AND”: (1) family structure/size, processes, living conditions, (2) inequalities, disparities, diversities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) health and (5) young children. The search covered the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Results: The search yielded 7,089 records. After title/abstract and full-text screening, only ten peer-reviewed articles were included in the synthesis, which analysed the effects of family characteristics on HI in early childhood. Family processes (i.e., rules /descriptive norms, stress, parental screen time, parent–child conflicts) are identified to have mediating or moderating effects. While families’ living conditions (i.e., TVs in children’s bedrooms) are suggested as mediating factors, family structure/size (i.e., single parenthood, number of children in the household) appear to moderate health inequalities. Conclusion: Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities in early childhood. The results provide overall support of models of family stress and family investment. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of family health literacy, regarding a wide range of children’s health outcomes (e.g., oral health, inflammation parameters, weight, and height), and the development of health inequalities over the life course starting at birth.Peer Reviewe

Konzeptpapier für einen Modellstudiengang „Gesundheitspädagogik und Gesundheitsdidaktik“

Angesichts der immer stärker werdenden Diskussion um die Bedeutung von Gesundheit für den schulischen und außerschulischen Bildungs- und Lernprozess und der Risiken wachsender gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (Hurrelmann/Richter 2013, Lampert et al. 2019) ist die Etablierung eines Studienganges „Gesundheitspädagogik und Gesundheitsdidaktik“ längst überfällig und von besonderer Bedeutung für gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit (Goldfriedrich & Hurrelmann, 2021a; 2021b). Dieses Konzeptpapier stellt einen Modellstudiengang vor, bei dem insbesondere die Vermittlungsebenen – also die gesundheitsdidaktischen Gegenstandsbereiche – im Vordergrund stehen. Die Ausarbeitungen des Entwurfs basieren auf der Grundlage politischer Bestrebungen, der bisherigen Forschung zur Gesundheitspädagogik und Gesundheitsdidaktik, den Erkenntnissen der Erziehungs- und Gesundheitswissenschaften sowie wissenschaftlichen und interprofessionellen Beiträgen des Netzwerks Gesundheitsdidaktik (bestehend aus 33 Expert*innen aus 24 Fachbereichen)

Maternal outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 severity among pregnant women.

Pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe complications associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may lead to obstetrical complications. We performed a case control study comparing pregnant women with severe coronavirus disease 19 (cases) to pregnant women with a milder form (controls) enrolled in the COVI-Preg international registry cohort between March 24 and July 26, 2020. Risk factors for severity, obstetrical and immediate neonatal outcomes were assessed. A total of 926 pregnant women with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were included, among which 92 (9.9%) presented with severe COVID-19 disease. Risk factors for severe maternal outcomes were pulmonary comorbidities [aOR 4.3, 95% CI 1.9-9.5], hypertensive disorders [aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.0] and diabetes [aOR2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.5]. Pregnant women with severe maternal outcomes were at higher risk of caesarean section [70.7% (n = 53/75)], preterm delivery [62.7% (n = 32/51)] and newborns requiring admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [41.3% (n = 31/75)]. In this study, several risk factors for developing severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women were identified including pulmonary comorbidities, hypertensive disorders and diabetes. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes appear to be influenced by the severity of maternal disease

Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Ansatzpunkte in der Berufspädagogik für Gesundheitsfachberufe

Dieser Sammelband soll Lehrende in den Gesundheitsfachberufen in ihrer Arbeit unterstützen, indem er kompakte Einführungen in zentrale gesundheitswissenschaftliche Themen anbietet. Mit diesem Ziel im Blick haben Masterstudierende der Berufspädagogik für Gesundheitsfachberufe der Brandenburgischen TU Cottbus-Senftenberg im Herbst/Winter 2020 im Modul „Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Grundlagen II“ die Beiträge in diesem Band erarbeitet. Entstanden sind Einführungstexte zu verschiedenen gesundheitswissenschaftlichen Themen von Pädagog*innen für Pädagog*innen: Die Autor*innen suchen in ihren Texten immer wieder den Bezug zur berufspädagogischen Praxis und schlagen Hilfestellungen für die Gestaltung von Lehr-Lern-Situationen vor. Dazu zählen neben möglichen Reflexionsfragen auch Hinweise zur curricularen Einbindung relevanter Gesundheitsthemen und Überblicke zu vertiefender Literatur. Zentrale Aussagen sind am Ende der Kapitel unter dem Punkt „Wichtig zu wissen“ zusammen gefasst. Die fachliche Diversität der Autor*innen schlägt sich auch in den gewählten Beispielen nieder. So erörtern einige Autor*innen die Relevanz theoretischer Ansätze für die Pflege, andere beziehen Beispiele aus der Hebammenkunde und Physiotherapie ein.This reader is intended to support vocational health teachers by offering compact introductions to essential topics within the health sciences. With this goal in mind, master's students of vocational education for health professions at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg have compiled the contributions in this volume as part of the module “Foundations of Health Sciences II” during autumn / winter 2020. As a result, this volume presents introductions to different health related topics by teachers for teachers: The authors repeatedly highlight links to professional pedagogical practice and suggest tips for creating teaching-learning situations. In addition to possible reflection questions, the chapters also include information about the curricular integration of relevant health topics as well as literature overviews for further information. Key statements are summarized at the end of the chapters. The professional diversity of the authors is also reflected in the examples chosen. While some authors discuss the relevance of theoretical approaches to nursing, others discuss examples from midwifery and physiotherapy

Towards inclusionary and diversity-sensitive public health: the consequences of exclusionary othering in public health using the example of COVID-19 management in German reception centres and asylum camps.

Tallarek M, Bozorgmehr K, Spallek J. Towards inclusionary and diversity-sensitive public health: the consequences of exclusionary othering in public health using the example of COVID-19 management in German reception centres and asylum camps. BMJ global health. 2020;5(12): e003789.The German government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been predominantly considered wellfounded. Still, the practice of mass quarantine in reception centres and asylum camps has been criticised for its discrimination of refugees and asylum seekers. Building on the concept of othering, this article argues that processes of othering are structurally anchored in German asylum regulations and they have further pervaded public health measures against COVID-19. The practice of mass quarantine made the negative consequences of exclusionary othering for public health particularly noticeable. In the light of recent data indicating this measure to be epidemiologically, legally and ethically insufficient, we apply the concept of othering to public health and discuss (1) exclusionary, (2) inclusionary and (3) diversity-sensitive approaches to public health. We finally conclude that a shift of perspective from exclusion to inclusion, from subordination to empowerment and from silencing to participation is urgently required. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ

Active and Passive Exposure to Tobacco and e-Cigarettes During Pregnancy

Objectives!#!Active and passive exposure to tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy is associated with multiple negative health outcomes for the fetus. In addition, exposure to e-cigarettes has been progressively discussed as a new threat to fetal health. Until now, there has been a lack of studies examining active and passive exposure to tobacco and e-cigarettes among pregnant women. The objective of our current STudy on E-cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) was to advance and complement the current knowledge regarding active and passive exposure to tobacco and e-cigarettes before pregnancy and during early and late pregnancy.!##!Methods!#!One element of the STEP study was a quantitative cross-sectional design: A sample of 540 pregnant women recruited at an obstetrician clinic in Hamburg from April 2018 to January 2019 were surveyed once via a standardized questionnaire and provided complete information regarding their consumption of tobacco and e-cigarettes. We performed a descriptive analysis of tobacco and e-cigarette use before pregnancy and during early and late pregnancy, as well as bivariate analysis of these variables with sociodemographic determinants. Passive exposure was assessed by asking the participating pregnant women about the consumption of tobacco and e-cigarettes by their partners, in general, and in their homes.!##!Results!#!Before pregnancy, 20.0% of the participants used tobacco cigarettes exclusively, 1.3% used e-cigarettes exclusively, and 6.5% were dual users. Educational level was significantly associated with tobacco cigarette use (p < 0.001) and dual use (p = 0.047) before pregnancy. During early (late) pregnancy, 8.7% (2.8%) used tobacco cigarettes and 0.4% (0.0%) used e-cigarettes exclusively. Twenty-point nine percent of women's partners consumed tobacco cigarettes exclusively, 2.7% consumed e-cigarettes exclusively, and 2.7% consumed both. A total of 8.5% (16.7%) of the partners who consumed tobacco cigarettes exclusively (e-cigarettes exclusively) did so in the women's homes.!##!Conclusions for practice!#!Among pregnant women, the use of tobacco cigarettes remains prominent before and during pregnancy, while e-cigarette use predominately occurs before pregnancy. Our study shows that pregnant women are frequently exposed to their partners' tobacco and e-cigarette use within their homes. Strategies to reduce such exposure should be further intensified

SARS-CoV-2 among migrants and forcibly displaced populations: a rapid systematic review

Hintermeier M, Gencer H, Kajikhina K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 among migrants and forcibly displaced populations: a rapid systematic review. Journal of migration and health. 2021: 100056.The economic and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic pose a particular threat to vulnerable groups, such as migrants, particularly forcibly displaced populations. The aim of this review is (i) to synthesise the evidence on risk of infection and transmission among migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced populations, and (ii) the effect of lockdown measures on these populations. We searched MEDLINE and WOS, preprint servers, and pertinent websites between 1st December 2019 and 26th June 2020. The included studies showed a high heterogeneity in study design, population, outcome and quality. The incidence risk of SARS-CoV-2 varied from 012% to 208% in non-outbreak settings and from 564% to 2115% in outbreak settings. Migrants showed a lower hospitalisation rate compared to non-migrants. Negative impacts on mental health due to lockdown measures were found across respective studies. However, findings show a tenuous and heterogeneous data situation, showing the need for more robust and comparative study designs. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Nachhaltigkeit in der Gesundheit(sversorgung) von zugewanderten Menschen

Nowak AC, Tallarek M, Hoffmann S, Hövener C, Razum O, Spallek J. Nachhaltigkeit in der Gesundheit(sversorgung) von zugewanderten Menschen. In: Hartung S, Wihofszky P, eds. Gesundheit und Nachhaltigkeit. Springer Reference Pflege – Therapie – Gesundheit. Berlin ; Heidelberg: Springer ; 2023: 1-11

SARS‐CoV‐2 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterkünften für Geflüchtete : Epidemiologische und normativ‐rechtliche Aspekte

Bozorgmehr K, Hintermeier M, Razum O, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterkünften für Geflüchtete : Epidemiologische und normativ‐rechtliche Aspekte. Version 1.0. Bremen: Kompetenznetz Public Health COVID-19; 2020

SARS-CoV-2 bei Migrant*innen und geflüchteten Menschen

Hintermeier M, Jahn R, Biddle LR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 bei Migrant*innen und geflüchteten Menschen. Version 1.0. Bremen: Kompetenznetz Public Health COVID-19; 2021