ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Efeito de uma suplementa??o com polpa de a?a? (Euterpe oleracea Martius) em camundongos BALB/c com mucosite intestinal induzida por 5-fluorouracil.

Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de e Nutri??o. Escola de Nutri??o, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.A mucosite intestinal (MI) causada por quimioterapia antineopl?sica caracteriza-se por um processo inflamat?rio da mucosa e pode ocorrer entre 50% e 80% dos pacientes oncoter?picos tratados com 5 fluorouracil (5-FU), droga comumente utilizada nesse contexto. At? o presente momento n?o h? terapia aprovada para a MI. Diante disso, diversos estudos t?m demonstrado efeito antioxidante e anti-inflamat?rio do a?a? (Euterpe oleracea Martius), um fruto tipicamente brasileiro e normalmente consumido por essa popula??o e cada vez mais pela popula??o mundial. O presente estudo objetivou investigar o efeito da polpa de a?a? na resposta antioxidante e inflamat?ria em um modelo animal de MI induzida por 5-FU. Camundongos BALB/c receberam pr?-tratamento com polpa de a?a? a 200g/kg de uma dieta padr?o durante quatorze dias. No d?cimo quinto dia da experimenta??o, parte dos animais receberam inje??o intraperitoneal ?nica de 5-FU (200mg/kg) sendo eutanasiados tr?s (D3) ou sete (D7) dias ap?s a administra??o da droga. Ao findar dezoito e vinte e dois dias, os grupos CTL, CTL+A?a?, MUC e MUC+A?a? tiveram o jejuno coletado para as seguintes an?lises: histol?gica, atividade das enzimas SOD e CAT, concentra??o de grupos SH totais e polifen?is totais e de mediadores pr?-inflamat?rios (TNF-? e IL-1?). O fluido intestinal foi coletado para avaliar a concentra??o de sIgA e da atividade enzim?tica da MPO. A ingest?o de a?a? pelos grupos com MI promoveu resist?ncia e recupera??o da altura das vilosidades, recuperou a raz?o vilos/cripta e regenerou quase que completamente o aspecto histol?gico tecidual. Nesse mesmo grupo, houve diminui??o da atividade da SOD, aumento da atividade da MPO e da libera??o de sIgA no D3. A atividade da enzima MPO elevou em todos grupos com MI no D7. A enzima CAT apresentou redu??o de sua atividade nos grupos com essa altera??o no D3 e aumento nos grupos que receberam a?a? no D7. N?o houve altera??o no teor de polifen?is totais, no n?vel tecidual de grupos SH totais e nas concentra??es de TNF-? e IL-1?. Nossos resultados demonstraram efeito protetor dos componentes da polpa de a?a? na inj?ria intestinal provocada por 5-FU, bem como, na capacidade de controlarem o estresse oxidativo e a resposta inflamat?ria intestinal, no sentido de mobilizarem vias de defesa para acelerar o reparo tecidual. Os mecanismos que envolvem esses achados carecem de elucida??es.Intestinal mucositis (IM) caused by antineoplastic chemotherapy is characterized by an inflammatory mucosal process and can occur between 50% and 80% of oncoterapic patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a drug commonly used in this context. To date, there is no approved therapy for IM. Therefore, several studies have demonstrated antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of a?ai (Euterpe oleracea Martius), a brazilian fruit typically consumed by this population and increasingly by the world population. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a?ai pulp on the antioxidant and inflammatory response in an animal model of IM induced by 5-FU. BALB/c mice received pre-treatment with a?ai pulp at 200g/kg of a standard diet for fourteen days. On the fifteenth day of the experiment, part of the animals received single intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (200mg/kg), three (D3) or seven (D7) days after administration of the drug were euthanized. At the end of eighteen days, the CTL, CTL+A?ai, MUC and MUC+A?ai groups had the jejunum collected for the following analyzes: histological, SOD and CAT enzyme activity, concentration of total SH groups and total polyphenols and proinflammatory mediators (TNF-? and IL-1?). The intestinal fluid was collected to evaluate the concentration of sIgA and the enzymatic activity of MPO. Intake of a?ai by the IM groups promoted resistance and recovery of villus height, recovered the villi/crypt ratio and almost completely regenerated the tissue histological aspect. In this same group, there was a decrease in SOD activity, an increase in MPO activity and the release of sIgA in D3. The activity of the MPO enzyme increased in all groups with IM in D7. The CAT enzyme showed a reduction of its activity in the groups with this change in D3 and increase in the groups that received a?ai in D7. There was no change in the total polyphenol content, in the tissue level of total SH groups and in TNF-? and IL-1? concentrations. Our results demonstrated a protective effect of a?ai pulp components on intestinal injury caused by 5- FU, as well as the ability to control oxidative stress and inflammatory bowel response, in order to mobilize defense pathways to accelerate tissue repair. Mechanisms involving these findings need to be elucidated

<i>In vitro</i> antioxidant activity of açaí aqueous extract (AAE) measured by DPPH assay.

<p>DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; Trolox, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; OP50, <i>E. coli</i> strain; KAN, Kanamycin.</p><p>Different subscript letters indicate significant differences by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test.</p

Effect of açaí aqueous extract (AAE) on wild-type <i>C. elegans</i> body length and progeny.

<p><b>A</b>). L1 animals were treated with control solution (S basal) or 100 mg/mL AAE until L3 and then transferred onto NGM plates with OP50 until the next day. Images were captured of one-day-old animals, and body length was measured along the animal axis using NIH Image J software. There was no significant difference between groups, as determined by two-tailed Student's <i>t-</i>test. <b>B, C</b>) Progeny profiles were measured in animals treated with control solution (S basal) or 100 mg/mL AAE. Animals were transferred individually to NGM plates and moved daily until the end of the reproductive period. The results were plotted as the mean ± SEM for each day (B) and total final progeny (C). There was no significant difference between groups by a two-tailed Student's <i>t-</i>test.</p

Hypothetical model of the mode of action of açaí aqueous extract (AAE) on <i>C. elegans</i>.

<p>Text marked within a rectangle represents modulators or data observed experimentally in this manuscript. AAE modulates oxidative stress resistance by direct and indirect mechanisms. AAE removes ROS directly and prevents <i>gcs-1</i> activation and SH level reduction which in turn increases oxidative stress resistance. AAE also promotes oxidative stress resistance indirectly through DAF-16/OSR-1/UNC-43/SEK-1. In addition, AAE increases osmotic stress resistance, possibly as a result of impaired protein homeostasis and/or increased ionic strength.</p

Contribution of genetic background to oxidative stress resistance induced by açaí aqueous extract (AAE) treatment.

<p>Animals were treated with 100/mL AAE or control solution (S basal) from L1 until L4 and then submitted to 7.5 mM t-BOOH in M9. Survival was measured at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h. <b>A</b>) Survival curves for transcription factor <i>daf-16 (mu86)</i> and JNK MAPK pathway <i>jnk-(gk7)</i> mutants. <b>B</b>) Survival curves for <i>skn-1(zu67)</i> and p38 MAPK pathway, <i>nsy-1(ag3)</i>, <i>sek-1(km4)</i> mutants. <b>C</b>) Survival curves for osmotic stress resistance pathway, <i>unc-43(n498n1186)</i> and <i>osr-1(rm1)</i> mutants. *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001 by the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089933#pone-0089933-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> for more details).</p

Effect of açaí aqueous extract (AAE) on the bacterial growth and oxidative stress resistance of wild-type <i>C. elegans</i> grown on dead bacteria.

<p><b>A</b>) <i>E. coli</i> OP50 growth was evaluated over 4 h in the presence of 100 mg/mL AAE. The OD of the control group at time zero was used to normalize all other OD readings. * Treatment of 100 mg/mL AAE decreased bacteria growth at all times analyzed with p<0.05, determined by a two-tailed Student's <i>t-</i>test. <b>B</b>) Animals were treated with or without 100 mg/mL AAE, mixed with either <i>E. coli</i> OP50 or <i>E. coli</i> OP50 treated with 10 mM Kanamycin (KAN), from L1 until L4 and then submitted to 7.5 mM t-BOOH in M9. The survival was measured at 6, 9 and 12 h. The survival curves show that AAE treatment increased <i>C. elegans</i> oxidative stress resistance independent of its antibacterial effect. ***p<0.001 related to the respective control by the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test.</p

Effect of açaí aqueous extract (AAE) on protein homeostasis.

<p><b>A</b>) mRNA level of <i>osr-1</i> in wild-type animals treated or not with 100 mg/mL AAE for 48 h. <b>B</b>) Transgenic worms carrying the reporter gene <i>gpdh-1::GFP</i> were treated or not with 100 mg/mL AAE for 48 h and then photographs were taken on a fluorescent microscope. GFP fluorescence signals were measured using NIH Image J software. ***p<0.001 by a two-tailed Student's <i>t-</i>test. <b>C</b>) Transgenic worms carrying the reporter gene <i>vha-6::Q44::YFP</i> were treated with control solution (S basal) or 100 mg/mL AAE starting at L1. Photographs of one-, four-, eight- and twelve-day-old animals were taken on a fluorescence microscope, and the numbers of aggregates were counted. *p<0.05 by a one-tailed Student's <i>t-</i>test. <b>D</b>) Animals were treated with 100 mg/mL AAE or control solution (S basal) from L1 until L4. Proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity was monitored by SLLVY-MCA digestion in L4 worm extracts containing equal amounts of total protein. ***p<0.001 by a two-tailed Student's <i>t-</i>test.</p

Determination of anthocyanins present in açaí aqueous extract (AAE).

<p>The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean).</p>a<p>Total monomeric anthocyanins measured by the pH differential method.</p>b<p>Cyanidin 3-O glucoside and Cyanidin 3-O rutinoside determined by LC-MS/MS analysis.</p

Effect of açaí aqueous extract (AAE) on the oxidative stress resistance of wild-type and mutant <i>C. elegans</i>.

a<p>Total number of hermaphrodites analyzed. The number in parentheses indicates the number of independent trials.</p>b<p>Comparisons were performed using the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test.</p