Perioperative Pain: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives

Background: Acute perioperative pain is seen in more than 80% of patients undergoing surgery, with almost 75% of them experiencing moderate, severe, or extreme pain; adequate postoperative pain management is not achieved in a satisfactory manner. This styudy was desined ana performed to assess the molecular mechanisms of acute pain management in order to find novel future perspectives.Materials and Methods: In this narrative review, molecular mechanisms of currently available pain controlling agents were assessed based on 3 steps: preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative phases. Drugs used in each phase and potential novel agents were assessed separately.Results: many currently available clinical agents were discussed and meanwhile, other potential drugs that could be among the future choices are discussed.Conclusion: cellular and molecular medicine could open new windows in order to discover novel agents for management of pain; we will have possibly many new agents that will be available in future while they will be different from currently used clinical pain killers

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Perioperative Hepatic Protection: A Review of Current Interventions

Liver is one of the most important organs needing great concern during the perioperative period. There are a number of different mechanisms that interact with liver cells and might affect their integrity and cell live. Though these mechanisms are not all the same, there is a great common point: all affect the metabolic pathways of the liver. Ischemia, anesthetic drug effects and other perioperative insults may affect the liver. Disturbance in an organ’s blood flow is an inherent part of diverse surgical procedures, which leads to lack of oxygen and nutrient supply. These ischemic periods can be particularly long in case of liver surgeries, such as resection of large hepatic tumors, management of hepatic trauma and liver transplant. Once the blood flow and oxygen supply are restored, the interruption of blood flow affects the oxygen dependent cells in liver, which require mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for their metabolism. Molecular mechanisms such as Redox status, ionic interchange disturbances as well as different mediators and cells like KC, SEC, dendritic cells, leukocytes, and lymphocytes, are involved in the process ultimately leading to cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. This review provides an overview on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in liver injuries, categorizing these mechanisms in 3 different classes: preoperative mechanisms, intraoperative mechanisms and postoperative mechanisms. Each of them are discussed in a different part of the manuscrip

The foraging behavior of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Host stage preference, functional response and mutual interference of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated under defined laboratory conditions (20±1°C; 60±5% relative humidity; 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod). Nicholson’s model and linear regression were used to determine per capita search-efficiency and the interference coefficient, respectively. There was a significant difference between the rates of parasitism on different stages of D. noxia. The highest parasitism percentage was observed on the third instar nymphs of D. noxia in both choice and no-choice preference tests. Results of logistic regression revealed a type II functional response. The estimated values of search-efficiency (a) and handling time (Th) were 0.072 h-1 and 0.723 h, respectively. The maximum attack rate was calculated to be 33.22. The per capita search-efficiency decreased from 0.011 to 0.004 (h-1) as parasitoid densities increased from 1 to 8. Therefore, different host-parasitoid ratios can affect the efficacy of D. rapae

Medication Errors and Their Relationship with Care Complexity and Work Dynamics

BACKGROUND: Medication errors are currently known as the most common medical errors. Research shows that work environment and organisation management, in addition to the role of nurses, contribute to the occurrence of an error. AIM: Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the rate of nurses’ medication errors and its relation to the care complexity and work dynamics in the Taleghani Pediatric Hospital of Gorgan in 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study. Sampling was done through census method (N = 100). The data collection tools consisted of four questionnaires of demographic information, Salyer work dynamics, Medication Administration Errors, and Velasquez Nursing Care Complexity. Data were analysed in SPSS V.16 software using descriptive and inferential statistical methods including independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation. RESULTS: Medication calculation errors, wrong dose and wrong medication were the most common non-injectable medication errors, respectively. Drug incompatibility, wrong infusion rate and medication calculation errors were the most common injectable medication errors, respectively. There was a positive correlation between medication calculation errors (P = 0.02, r = 0.23), wrong solvent (P = 0.04, r = 0.21), and drug incompatibility (P = 0.01, r = 0.25) with amount of work dynamics. Also, there was a positive correlation between medication calculation errors (P = 0.03, r = 0.22) and wrong medication (P = 0.00, r = 0.31) with the nursing care complexity. CONCLUSION: Regarding the irrefutable impact of working conditions on the occurrence of errors, it appears that the study and complete recognition of nurses’ working conditions and their adjustment would lead to a reduction in medication errors

The Effect Of Guided Strategic Planning On Iranian Intermediate English As A Foreign Language (Efl) Learners' Fluency, Accuracy And Lexical Resources In Speaking

This study examined the effect of guided strategic planning on the fluency, accuracy and lexical resources in the speaking of Iranian intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) learners as well as their awareness and use of pre-speaking strategies. For this purpose, 20 first-year students from the University of Mazandaran majoring in English Language and Literature were selected according to the general English proficiency test by Nelson and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. A picture cued narrative speaking task and a pre-speaking strategies questionnaire were used as pre- and post-tests. The experimental group received 10 sessions of strategic planning coupled with pre-speaking strategy instruction. Analysis of data evidenced that students' overall scores in fluency, accuracy and lexical resources changed from pre-test to post-test. It was also found that speaking accuracy and fluency were most and least affected, respectively. Another finding was that the students' awareness and use of prespeaking strategies increased as a result of the instruction. It is recommended that teachers and material developers couple strategic task planning with pre-speaking strategies so that improvements in speaking are observed

DEBT CONTRACTS AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE ADJUSTMENT SPEED IN THE TEHRAN STOCK EXCHANGE

Purpose of the Study: A competitive market and the complexity of the business environment led to the special attention of practitioners in the field of economics to the capital structure and, especially, economic units of debts. The current study investigates the relationship between debt contracts and changes in the capital structure of 114 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2016. Methodology: In this research, the data was extracted, classified, and calculated by using Excel software and ultimately, the hypotheses were tested at a 95% confidence level through E-views‏ ‏and Stata software. Conclusions / Results: The results indicate that there is no significant relationship among debt contracts, debt contract restrictions, and debt contract in the unfavorable financial conditions with the capital structure adjustment speed in the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the studied time interval, but this relationship is visible between two variables of debt contracts and capital structure adjustment speed in the companies that have a high financial leverage. Novelty: The study of financing of leveraging methods is very important in considering different factors. That is, choosing any cheap or expensive debt on the part of the company, while changing the cost of capital, will create favorable profit opportunities or lead to a critical situation. Accordingly, the present research in the subject area, time, and place of interest can overcome the doubts of stakeholders in the mindset of companies

THE ROLE OF CORPORATE DIVERSIFICATION IN TAX AVOIDANCE IN COMPANIES LISTED IN THE TEHRAN STOCK EXCHANGE

Purpose of the Study: Tax avoidance means the use of gaps in tax laws for non-payment or late payment of taxes for companies, which is affected by different factors. The present study investigates the impact of diversification on tax avoidance in companies. To this end, the financial information of 384 firms during the period of 2011- 2016 in the Tehran Stock Exchange was examined. Methodology: In this research, the required financial information was summarized, classified, and calculated in Excel software and the data were analyzed by using E-views software. The dependent variables were effective tax rate and book-tax difference, while the independent variable was corporate diversification, which shows how to divide the market between business sectors (units) in a company. Control variables include size, financial leverage, company’s loss-making, ROA, capital expenditures, R&D, market to book value, CEO ownership, and management of ownership. Conclusions/Results: The findings obtained from this study demonstrate that at a 95% confidence level, there is no significant relationship between diversification and effective tax rates in companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. However, at a 90% confidence level, diversification reduces the effective tax rate. Furthermore, no reliable evidence was found regarding the effect of diversification on book-tax difference at a 95% confidence level. Novelty: Tax is a charge imposed by the government on all organizational profits. Various enterprises have complex operations due to their institutional structure, which makes it possible to increase tax avoidance in these companies. The production or sale of a variety of products (diversification) is bigger and has more complex organizational structures that increase the cost of management and non-management decisions, making it difficult for companies to coordinate their policies. Thematic classification: G10, M4

Ubiquinone [Q10] and Dentate Gyrus Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model of Brain Ischaemia

Introduction: This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of ubiquinone following ischemia/reperfusion on dentate gyrus in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Rats were randomly assigned to four groups [n=6].  Common carotid arteries were bilaterally closed for 20 minutes in order to perform ischemic model. Four days later, all rats were slaughtered and hippocampal tissue was examined by Nissl staining method. Results: The data showed that ubiquinone had a neurotrophic effect on dentate gyrus cells of hippocampal region in ischemia/reperfusion model. Conclusion: Our findings adduce the argument that ubiquinone can be used to treat brain lesions following ischemia

Genome size, morphological and palynological variations, and heterostyly in some species of the genus Linum L. (Linaceae) in Iran

Heterostyly is the occurrence of flowers with different sexual organ arrangements in different plants of the same species. This floral polymorphism occurs in four sections of genus Linum. The present study compares the morphological, palynologycal and genome size (C-value content) characteristics in the long-styled and short-styled plants in three Linum species, that is, Linum austriacum L., Linum album Ky.ex Boiss. and L. glaucum Boiss. & Nöe . 15 qualitative and quantitative morphological characters from both vegetative and reproductive organs of these plants were studied. A higher mean value of the plant height, size of the basal leaves width, flower leaves width, calyx length, sepal length and petal length occurred in the long-styled plants, while the mean value of branch number, basal leaves length, flower leaves length, calyx width, pedicel length and sepal length was higher in the short-styled plant populations. T-test analysis of morphological characters showed significant difference (p<0.05) for some of the characters studied. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot of long-styled and short-styled plant populations based on all morphological characters also separated these two kinds of plants in the three species studied. The pollen obtained from the mature buds was prepared for light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The polar and equatorial views of the pollen grains were similar in the long-styled (Ls) and short-styled (Ss) plants but the aperture shape differed in these populations. C-values obtained by flow cytometry, differed in the long-styled and short- styled plants of the species studied. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test performed among the three Linum species showed a significant difference in 2C-value content. Positive significant correlation was observed between 2C-value and northern distribution of the Linum species studied, while a negative significant correlation occurred with eastern distribution.Key words: Heterostyly, Linum, morphology, palynology, genome size

Marital Conflict among Couples without Children on the Brink of Divorce: A qualitative study

Introduction: At the present moment, the growing rate of divorce is one of the most important and alarming issues in society. The main purpose of the study was to survey the causes of marital conflict during marriage from the viewpoint of the men and women who were referred to Family Court. Method: The research was carried out through a qualitative content analysis with a conventional method, and purposive sampling. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted on 32 couples referred to the Family Court. Moreover, for the confirmation and completion of data, the judges were interviewed and the available documents studied. Results: Data analysis yielded the 3 main categories of individual issues, relationship of the couples, and society. These categories were considered as the causes of marital conflict. Conclusion: The reduction in the rate of marital conflicts, and consequently, divorce necessitates the solving of issue in every one of the abovementioned categories. Due to the role of social damages in divorce, authorities must take action to resolve these issues. Moreover, by providing mandatory premarital counseling and life skills training for couples, and considering the cultural and social aspects of the couples, many cases of divorce can be prevented. Keywords: Marital conflict, Without children, Life cycle, Divorce, Qualitative stud