Topological characterization of periodically-driven quantum systems

Topological properties of physical systems can lead to robust behaviors that are insensitive to microscopic details. Such topologically robust phenomena are not limited to static systems but can also appear in driven quantum systems. In this paper, we show that the Floquet operators of periodically driven systems can be divided into topologically distinct (homotopy) classes, and give a simple physical interpretation of this classification in terms of the spectra of Floquet operators. Using this picture, we provide an intuitive understanding of the well-known phenomenon of quantized adiabatic pumping. Systems whose Floquet operators belong to the trivial class simulate the dynamics generated by time-independent Hamiltonians, which can be topologically classified according to the schemes developed for static systems. We demonstrate these principles through an example of a periodically driven two--dimensional hexagonal lattice model which exhibits several topological phases. Remarkably, one of these phases supports chiral edge modes even though the bulk is topologically trivial.Comment: 9 Pages + Appendi

Improvement of dynamic range and repeatability in refractive-index-sensing optical comb by combination of saturable-absorber-mirror mode-locking with intracavity multi-mode interference fiber sensor

Mode-locked fiber comb equipped with multi-mode-interference fiber sensor functions as high-precision refractive-index (RI) sensor benefitting from precise radio-frequency measurement. However, its dynamic range and repeatability are hampered by inherent characteristics in nonlinear-polarization-rotation mode-locking oscillation. In this article, we introduce saturable-absorber-mirror mode-locking for RI sensing with wide dynamic range and high repeatability. While the RI dynamic range was expanded to 41.4 dB due to high robustness to cavity disturbance, self-starting capability without the need for polarization control improves the RI sensing repeatability to 1.10×10-8 every mode-locking activation. Improved dynamic range and repeatability will be useful for enhanced performance of RI sensing

Solvent-induced on/off switching of intramolecular electron transfer in a cyanide-bridged trigonal bipyramidal complex

A cyanide-bridged [Co3Fe2] cluster with trigonal bipyramidal geometry shows solvent-driven reversible on/off switching of its thermally induced electron-transfer-coupled spin transition (ETCST) behaviour

Dietary Deficiency of Essential Amino Acids Rapidly Induces Cessation of the Rat Estrous Cycle

Reproductive functions are regulated by the sophisticated coordination between the neuronal and endocrine systems and are sustained by a proper nutritional environment. Female reproductive function is vulnerable to effects from dietary restrictions, suggesting a transient adaptation that prioritizes individual survival over reproduction until a possible future opportunity for satiation. This adaptation could also partially explain the existence of amenorrhea in women with anorexia nervosa. Because amino acid nutritional conditions other than caloric restriction uniquely alters amino acid metabolism and affect the hormonal levels of organisms, we hypothesized that the supply of essential amino acids in the diet plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of the female reproductive system. To test this hypothesis, we examined ovulatory cyclicity in female rats under diets that were deficient in threonine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine or valine. Ovulatory cyclicity was monitored by daily cytological evaluations of vaginal smears. After continuous feeding of the deficient diet, a persistent diestrus or anovulatory state was induced most quickly by the valine-deficient diet and most slowly by the lysine-deficient diet. A decline in the systemic insulin-like growth factor 1 level was associated with a dietary amino acid deficiency. Furthermore, a paired group of rats that were fed an isocaloric diet with balanced amino acids maintained normal estrous cyclicity. These disturbances of the estrous cycle by amino acid deficiency were quickly reversed by the consumption of a normal diet. The continuous anovulatory state in this study is not attributable to a decrease in caloric intake but to an imbalance in the dietary amino acid composition. With a shortage of well-balanced amino acid sources, reproduction becomes risky for both the mother and the fetus. It could be viewed as an adaptation to the diet, diverting resources away from reproduction and reallocating them to survival until well-balanced amino acid sources are found

Substrate specificity, plasma membrane localization, and lipid modification of the aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3B1

The accumulation of reactive aldehydes is implicated in the development of several disorders. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) detoxify aldehydes by oxidizing them to the corresponding carboxylic acids. Among the 19 human ALDHs, ALDH3A2 is the only known ALDH that catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain fatty aldehydes including C16 aldehydes (hexadecanal and trans-2-hexadecenal) generated through sphingolipid metabolism. In the present study, we have identified that ALDH3B1 is also active in vitro toward C16 aldehydes and demonstrated that overexpression of ALDH3B1 restores the sphingolipid metabolism in the ALDH3A2-deficient cells. In addition, we have determined that ALDH3B1 is localized in the plasma membrane through its C-terminal dual lipidation (palmitoylation and prenylation) and shown that the prenylation is required particularly for the activity toward hexadecanal. Since knockdown of ALDH3B1 does not cause further impairment of the sphingolipid metabolism in the ALDH3A2-deficient cells, the likely physiological function of ALDH3B1 is to oxidize lipid-derived aldehydes generated in the plasma membrane and not to be involved in the sphingolipid metabolism in the endoplasmic reticulum. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

The Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome Gene Encodes a Hexadecenal Dehydrogenase of the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Degradation Pathway

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (SIP) functions not only as a bioactive lipid molecule but also as an important intermediate of the sole sphingolipid-to-glycerolipid metabolic pathway. However, the precise reactions and the enzymes involved in this pathway remain unresolved. We report here that yeast HFD1 and the Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS)-causative mammalian gene ALDH3A2 catalyze conversion of the S1P degradation product hexadecenal to hexadecenoic acid. The absence of ALDH3A2 in CHO-K1 mutant cells caused abnormal metabolism of S1P/hexadecenal to ether-linked glycerolipids. Moreover, we demonstrate that yeast Faa1 and Faa4 and mammalian ACSL family members are acyl-CoA synthetases involved in the sphingolipid-to-glycerolipid metabolic pathway, and that hexadecenoic acid accumulates in Δfaa1 Δfaa4 mutant cells. These results unveil the entire S1P metabolic pathway: S1P is metabolized to glycerolipids via hexadecenal, hexadecenoic acid, hexadecenoyl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA. From our results we propose a possibility that accumulation of the S1P metabolite hexadecenal contributes to the pathogenesis of SLS

Recessive resistance governed by a major quantitative trait locus restricts clover yellow vein virus in mechanically but not graft-inoculated cultivated soybeans

Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) infects and causes disease in legume plants. However, here we found that ClYVV isolate No. 30 (ClYVV-No.30) inefficiently multiplied or spread via cell-to-cell movement in mechanically inoculated leaves of a dozen soybean (Glycine max) cultivars, and resulted in failure to spread systemically. Soybean plants also had a similar resistance phenotype against additional ClYVV isolates. In contrast, all but one of 24 tested accessions of wild soybeans (G. soja) were susceptible to ClYVV-No.30. Graft inoculation of cultivated soybean TK780 with ClYVV-No.30-infected wild soybean B01167 scion resulted in systemic infection of the cultivated soybean rootstock. This suggests that upon mechanical inoculation the cultivated soybean inhibits ClYVV-No.30 at infection steps prior to the systemic spread of the virus via vascular systems. Systemic infection of all of F1 plants from crossing between TK780 and B01167 and 68 out of 76 F2 plants with ClYVV-No.30 indicated recessive inheritance of the resistance. Further genetic analysis using 64 recombinant inbred lines between TK780 and B01167 detected one major quantitative trait locus, designated d-cv, for the resistance that was positioned in the linkage group D1b (chromosome 2). The mapped region on soybean genome suggests that d-cv is not an allele of the known resistance genes against soybean mosaic virus