Is increased fat content of hindmilk due to the size or the number of milk fat globules?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It is known that the fat content of breast milk is higher in hindmilk than in foremilk. However, it has not been determined if this increased fat content results from an increase in the number of milk fat globules (MFGs), an increase in the size of MFGs, or both. This study aims to determine which factor plays the most important role.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirteen breastfeeding mothers were enrolled in the study and we obtained 52 samples from 26 breasts before (foremilk) and after (hindmilk) a breastfeeding session. The fat content was evaluated by creamatocrit (CrCt) values. MFG size was measured with the laser light scattering method. We compared CrCt values and MFG size between foremilk and hindmilk.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although the CrCt values were higher in the hindmilk (8.6 ± 3.6%) than in the foremilk (3.7 ± 1.7%), the MFG size did not change (4.2 ± 1.0 μm and 4.6 ± 2.1 μm, foremilk and hindmilk, respectively). There was no relationship between the changes in CrCt versus MFG size from foremilk to hindmilk.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results indicate that the increase in fat content results mainly from the increased number of MFGs, which may be released into the milk flow as the mammary lobe becomes progressively emptied.</p

Технологічні рішення і технічні засоби підвищення екологічної безпеки проведення бурових робіт

Рассмотрено влияние проведения буровых работ на окружающую среду. Приведены рекомендации для повышения экологической безопасности проведения буровых работ. Описаны технологические решения и технические средства уменьшения неблагоприятного влияния бурения нефтегазовых скважин на окружающую среду. В комплексе решены и эффективно внедрены на практике вопросы экологической безопасности проведения буровых работ, утилизации, размещения и захоронения отходов бурения. Дказано, что безамбарное бурение на месторождениях возможно при наличии шламонакопителя и нагнетательной скважины.The environmental impacts of drilling works are considered. A range of recommendations for environmental safety enhancement of drilling works is given. Technological solutions and technical means to reduce adverse environmental impacts of oil and gas wells drilling are described. The issues of drilling works environmental safety, utilization, disposal and burial of waste are jointly solved and successfully implemented. The pit less drilling is proved to be possible for any field under the condition of slurry pond and injection well use

Extracting interpretable features for pathologists using weakly supervised learning to predict p16 expression in oropharyngeal cancer

Abstract One drawback of existing artificial intelligence (AI)-based histopathological prediction models is the lack of interpretability. The objective of this study is to extract p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) features in a form that can be interpreted by pathologists using AI model. We constructed a model for predicting p16 expression using a dataset of whole-slide images from 114 OPSCC biopsy cases. We used the clustering-constrained attention-based multiple-instance learning (CLAM) model, a weakly supervised learning approach. To improve performance, we incorporated tumor annotation into the model (Annot-CLAM) and achieved the mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.905. Utilizing the image patches on which the model focused, we examined the features of model interest via histopathologic morphological analysis and cycle-consistent adversarial network (CycleGAN) image translation. The histopathologic morphological analysis evaluated the histopathological characteristics of image patches, revealing significant differences in the numbers of nuclei, the perimeters of the nuclei, and the intercellular bridges between p16-negative and p16-positive image patches. By using the CycleGAN-converted images, we confirmed that the sizes and densities of nuclei are significantly converted. This novel approach improves interpretability in histopathological morphology-based AI models and contributes to the advancement of clinically valuable histopathological morphological features

National trends in the outcomes of subarachnoid haemorrhage and the prognostic influence of stroke centre capability in Japan: retrospective cohort study

Objectives To examine the national, 6-year trends in in-hospital clinical outcomes of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) who underwent clipping or coiling and the prognostic influence of temporal trends in the Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) capabilities on patient outcomes in Japan.Design Retrospective study.Setting Six hundred and thirty-one primary care institutions in Japan.Participants Forty-five thousand and eleven patients with SAH who were urgently hospitalised, identified using the J-ASPECT Diagnosis Procedure Combination database.Primary and secondary outcome measures Annual number of patients with SAH who remained untreated, or who received clipping or coiling, in-hospital mortality and poor functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale: 3–6) at discharge. Each CSC was assessed using a validated scoring system (CSC score: 1–25 points).Results In the overall cohort, in-hospital mortality decreased (year for trend, OR (95% CI): 0.97 (0.96 to 0.99)), while the proportion of poor functional outcomes remained unchanged (1.00 (0.98 to 1.02)). The proportion of patients who underwent clipping gradually decreased from 46.6% to 38.5%, while that of those who received coiling and those left untreated gradually increased from 16.9% to 22.6% and 35.4% to 38%, respectively. In-hospital mortality of coiled (0.94 (0.89 to 0.98)) and untreated (0.93 (0.90 to 0.96)) patients decreased, whereas that of clipped patients remained stable. CSC score improvement was associated with increased use of coiling (per 1-point increase, 1.14 (1.08 to 1.20)) but not with short-term patient outcomes regardless of treatment modality.Conclusions The 6-year trends indicated lower in-hospital mortality for patients with SAH (attributable to better outcomes), increased use of coiling and multidisciplinary care for untreated patients. Further increasing CSC capabilities may improve overall outcomes, mainly by increasing the use of coiling. Additional studies are necessary to determine the effect of confounders such as aneurysm complexity on outcomes of clipped patients in the modern endovascular era