Defining factors of destination loyalty that are unrelated to tourist satisfaction: A review of preceding studies

Drawing from preceding studies on factors influencing destination loyalty, the factors are classified according to whether satisfaction is an influence, factors that influence via satisfaction (satisfaction-mediated factors), and factors that influence without being mediated by satisfaction (satisfaction-unmediated factors). Satisfaction-unmediated factors include pre-visit image and motivation about the destination; the discovery of a new attraction during the visit, experiencing positive emotions, and individual attributes. Nevertheless, the preceding studies have limitations, including the absence of context, such as unique attributes of the destination and research subjects, and the absence of standardization in measuring satisfaction. It is necessary to extract factors that influence destination loyalty by drawing from these observations

The effects of touristic elements in photographs on potential visitors’ evaluations of a volcano

To promote nature-based destinations with crustal activity, it is crucial to capture scenic images of these to communicate their inherent attractiveness to potential visitors while minimizing perceived risk. This study aims to investigate how the presence of a visitor and a human-made touristic structure in photographs affects potential visitors’ evaluations of a volcano and to offer avenues to leverage the inherent nature of creative, smart, and sustainable destinations. Sixty-one students rated 24 slide photographs featuring a volcano with and without a visitor, a human-made structure, and a volcanic plume, on scales regarding the touristic sense, activity, grandness, transcendence, and security. The results implied the risk-cushioning effects of the presence of the visitor and the human-made structure. As the structure enhanced the sense of transcendence and grandness, its inclusion may be effective in communicating the destination’s attractiveness

Visitors’ Gaze on the Local Living Culture of a Historical District: its Perceptual and Behavioral Aspects

A historical district as a tourism destination encompasses various aspects, including ones as heritage, as an attraction for visitors, and as a living place for the locals. For investigations of visitors’ gaze on aspects that depict lives of the locals in such a district, this study aims to present some of the theoretical backgrounds and the outlines of the potential methods. This study, which is the first step of a long-term investigation, discusses the nature of the local living culture of a historical district and proposes the use of techniques to obtain verbal responses related to visitors’ perceptions, to capture objects of their focus as projected in photographs, and to record the traits of their behaviors. The difference in visitors’ levels of previous visits is also considered as a variable that may affect their perceptions of the local living culture and the manners in which they interact with it

Local lives in historical districts: residents’ perceptions of the objects of visitors’ gaze

This study examines residents’ perceptions of objects that visitors could focus on in a historical district as the aspects of the local lives. Aspects elicited from visitors’ responses in a preceding study were rated by residents in terms of the extent to which each portrays the local lives and to which it depicts an intention to attract visitors. Cluster analysis of the ratings surfaced two types of aspects, which are touristic and non-touristic local lives, and analysis of variance illustrated that some touristic and non-touristic aspects were rated as so more clearly by residents in rigidly preserved areas. The results also imply some similarities between visitors’ and residents’ perceptions

Eliciting the aspects of local lives in a historical district as perceived by visitors

This study aims to extract the elements that visitors could focus on in a historical district as the aspects of the local lives and visitors’ evaluation of them by analyzing respondents’ open-ended responses about things that they thought attractive in the targeted historical districts and objects through which they sensed the lives of the locals. The visitors are grouped based on their ratings of their overall impression of the historical districts on Semantic Differential Scales, and comparison between the open-ended responses of the two groups is also attempted to obtain insights into the effects of their visiting experiences. The results imply the importance of visitors’ perception of the ways in which the districts are utilized. The areas that the respondents visited are also suggested to relate to their views of the district’s features, including the facets of the local lives

An Analysis of Effects of Boredom on Revisit Intention – A Case in Japanese Popular Tourism Destinations

This study focuses on the effects of visitors’ boredom of a destination on their intention to revisit it, using two Japanese popular tourism destinations as the cases. Relationships between three factors, which are satisfaction, boredom and revisit intention, were examined. In addition to the subjective index of visitors’ boredom based on ratings on a scale, the rate of remaining facilities (RoRF), which was the objective index of visitors’ boredom, is also employed. A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain data related to the five factors. We conclude that subjective index of visitors’ boredom may not be effective for understanding of their revisit intention, while their revisit intention can arguably be relevant to the RoRF

How others\u27 behaviours affect visitors\u27 pro-environmental behavioural intention : a research model based on the case of beach cleaning

This study proposed a model that could elucidate the effects of others’ pro-environmental behaviour on visitors’ proenvironmental behavioural intention, using beach cleaning as others’ behaviour. The model relied on knowledge of tourism studies and environmental psychology, especially the concept of Motivation Towards the Environment (MTE) as well as the effects of others’ pro-environmental behaviour, as suggested with reference to social dilemma theory and the concept of social norm. The model aimed to examine the effects of information regarding others’ pro-environmental behaviour on visitors’ MTE and ‘desire to be away’, effects of the motivations on visitors’ pro-environmental behavioural intention, and indirect effects of the intervention on visitors’ pro-environmental behavioural intention

Suppressing TGFβ signaling in regenerating epithelia in an inflammatory microenvironment is sufficient to cause invasive intestinal cancer

Genetic alterations in the TGFβ signaling pathway in combination with oncogenic alterations lead to cancer development in the intestines. However, the mechanisms of TGFβ signaling suppression in malignant progression of intestinal tumors have not yet been fully understood. We have examined ApcΔ716 TGFβr2ΔIEC compound mutant mice that carry mutations in Apc and TGFβr2 genes in the intestinal epithelial cells. We found inflammatory microenvironment only in the invasive intestinal adenocarcinomas but not in noninvasive benign polyps of the same mice. We thus treated simple TGFβr2ΔIEC mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) that causes ulcerative colitis. Importantly, these TGFβr2ΔIEC mice developed invasive colon cancer associated with chronic inflammation.Wealso found that TGFβ signaling is suppressed in human colitis-associated colon cancer cells. In the mouse invasive tumors, macrophages infiltrated and expressed MT1-MMP, causingMMP2activation. These results suggest that inflammatory microenvironment contributes to submucosal invasion of TGFβ signaling-repressed epithelial cells through activation of MMP2. We further found that regeneration was impaired in TGFβr2ΔIEC mice for intestinal mucosa damaged by DSS treatment or X-ray irradiation, resulting in the expansion of undifferentiated epithelial cell population. Moreover, organoids of intestinal epithelial cells cultured from irradiated TGFβr2ΔIEC mice formed "long crypts" in Matrigel, suggesting acquisition of an invasive phenotype into the extracellular matrix. These results, taken together, indicate that a simple genetic alteration in the TGFβ signaling pathway in the inflamed and regenerating intestinal mucosa can cause invasive intestinal tumors. Such a mechanism may play a role in the colon carcinogenesis associated with inflammatory bowel disease in humans