Examination of the Application Support Layer of CCSDS SOIS Using SpaceWire Communication Stack and Low-Code User Application

As a SmallSat grows, there is an increasing need for high-speed and high-functioning sub-networks, such as SpaceWire, to connect equipment to the OBC and store large amounts of optical image data. SpaceWire has the ability for time-sensitive delivery, fast communication, and flexible network topology construction. JAXA/ISAS has developed SIB2, a low-code user application that designs telemetry commands based on a database stored on the satellite. SIB2 has a code generation function called SIB2Generator, which outputs code that performs the behavior of telemetry commands during sender/receiver and is used as a template for user applications. On the other hand, the Application Support Layer of CCSDS SOIS is positioned between sub-networks and user applications. And then, service types are defined in the Application Support Layer, but no concrete implementation interface is specified. Therefore, we have implemented an examination of the Command and Data Acquisition Services layer using SIB2 and the SpaceWire communication stack. In the executed study, we adopted the SpaceWire RMAP Library, a class library that makes SpaceWire communication. Using this library, we have designed and developed the Application Support Layer, integrating the SpaceWire application stack based on the SIB2 database design and the user application code generated by SIB2Generator

Development of Novel Synthetic Amine Absorbents for CO2 Capture

AbstractIn the present paper, we investigated five synthetic amine based absorbents, including three formulated solvents. Aqueous solutions of the amines (mass fraction; 30% for single amine and >30% for blended solvents) were used to evaluate the performance for CO2 capture. Gas scrubbing, vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), and reaction calorimetry experiments were conducted in the laboratory to obtain the absorption rate, the amount of CO2 absorbed, cyclic CO2 capacity, and heat of reaction for each absorbent. The results of these absorbents were compared with the conventional absorbent monoethanolamine (MEA). Three high performing synthetic absorbents (IPAE, IPAP and IBAE) were found, and these had lower heats of reaction, higher cyclic capacities, and comparable absorption rates compared with MEA. All formulated absorbents showed excellent cyclic CO2 capacity and keeping moderately good absorption rate and lower heats of absorption. Some blended solvents were already demonstrated with real blast furnace gas at pilot test plants with capacities of 1 ton-CO2/day and 30 ton-CO2/day and showed promising results in terms of reducing absorbent regeneration energy

GADD45β Determines Chemoresistance and Invasive Growth of Side Population Cells of Human Embryonic Carcinoma

Side population (SP) cells are an enriched population of stem, and the existence of SP cells has been reported in human cancer cell lines. In this study, we performed an SP analysis using 11 human cancer cell lines and confirmed the presence of SP cells in an embryonic carcinoma cell line, NEC8. NEC8 SP cells showed characteristics of cancer stem cells, such as high growth rate, chemoresistance and high invasiveness. To further characterize the NEC8 SP cells, we used DNA microarrays. Among 38,500 genes, we identified 12 genes that were over-expressed in SP cells and 1 gene that was over-expressed in non-SP cells. Among these 13 genes, we focused on GADD45b. GADD45b was over-expressed in non-SP cells, but the inhibition of GADD45b had no effect on non-SP cells. Paradoxically, the inhibition of GADD45b significantly reduced the viability of NEC8 SP cells. The inhibition of ABCG2, which determines the SP phenotype, had no effect on the invasiveness of NEC8 SP cells, but the inhibition of GADD45b significantly reduced invasiveness. These results suggest that GADD45b, but not ABCG2, might determine the cancer stem cell-like phenotype, such as chemoresistance and the high invasiveness of NEC8 SP cells, and might be a good therapeutic target

Phosphorylation of proteins and apoptosis induced by c-Jun N-terminal kinase1 activation in rat cardiomyocytes by H2O2 stimulation

AbstractCytokines and various cellular stresses are known to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1), which is involved in physiological function. Here, we investigate the activation of JNK1 by oxidative stress in H9c2 cells derived from rat cardiomyocytes. H2O2 (100 μM) significantly induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of JNK1 with a peak 25 min after the stimulation. The amount of JNK1 protein remains almost constant during stimulation. Immunocytochemical observation shows that JNK1 staining in the nucleus is enhanced after H2O2 stimulation. To clarify the physiological role of JNK1 activation under these conditions, we transfected antisense JNK1 DNA into H9c2 cells. The antisense DNA (2 μM) inhibits JNK1 expression by 80% as compared with expression in the presence of the sense DNA, and significantly blocks H2O2-induced cell death. Consistent with the decrease in cell number, we detected condensation of the nuclei, a hallmark of apoptosis, 3 h after H2O2 stimulation in the presence of the sense DNA for JNK1. The antisense DNA of JNK1 inhibits the condensation of nuclei by H2O2. Under these conditions, the H2O2-induced phosphorylation of proteins with molecular masses of 55, 72, and 78 kDa is blocked by treatment with the antisense DNA for JNK1 as compared with the sense DNA for JNK1. These findings suggest that JNK1 induces apoptotic cell death in response to H2O2, and that the cell death may be involved in the phosphorylations of 55, 72, and 78 kDa proteins induced by JNK1 activation

Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) based on the clinical diagnosis of IGD in Japan

Background and aims: Although the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) has been translated into Japanese and widely used, the Japanese version has not previously been validated. We used the clinical diagnosis of IGD as a gold standard for validating the test. Methods: The Japanese version was validated using 244 gamers drawn from the general young population in Japan. Expert interviews using the Japanese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder evaluated diagnoses of Internet gaming disorder (IGD). This resulted in a diagnosis of IGD for eight individuals, categorized as the gold standard group. The screening performance of the two Japanese versions with different scoring conditions was examined: the scoring method proposed by the original study (original version) and a less stringent scoring method where responses of either “often” or “sometimes” were regarded as affirmative (modified version). Results: The results of the sensitivity and specificity analyses, the Cronbach’s alpha and the receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed a higher screening performance for the modified versus the original version. The optimum cutoff for the modified version was 5 or more – the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden’s index were 87.5, 85.2, and 72.7%, respectively. The rate of probable IGD using the original and modified versions were 1.8% and 11.3%, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: A less stringent scoring method for the Japanese version of IGDT-10 showed a higher screening performance than the original scoring method. Future studies comprising different ethnic groups and gaming cultures should further examine the suggested scoring method

Factors influencing the Effectiveness of Hemodilution Therapy for Patients with Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm

We operated on 621 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm from 1979 to 1987. All the patients were operated on within 72 hours after the rupture of aneurysm. From 1979 to 1983, 312 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm were treated without postoperative hemodilution therapy (No-Hemodilution). From 1984 to 1987, 309 patients were treated with hemodilution therapy (Hemodilution). We have performed the hemodilution therapy for the prevention of cerebral ischemia due to vasospasm following SAH since January, 1984. Indication for the hemodilution therapy was the hematocrit value of above 30.0-33.0 % at Day 7 after onset. In the No-Hemodilution period (1979-1983), the mean value of hematocrit of 253 patients was 36.7 % and in the Hemodilution period (1984-1987) , the value of 150 patients was 31.9 %. The difference in these values is statistically significant. From the viewpoint of over-all outcome, the rate of Good Recovery was higher and that of Death was lower in the Hemodilution period (p < 0.001). 1. The correlation of the age and outcome: The mortality was higher with increasing age especially in patients over 60 years (p < 0.001). This result seemed to be due to the vulnerability of the brain by cerebral ischemia in the old age. 2. The correlation of the sites of ruptured aneurysm and outcome: In the ruptured aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery, the mortality was higher than that of other sites (p < 0.001). Generally, the symptoms of ischemia in the anterior cerebral artery terri tory are more severe than those of other sites. By the hemodilution therapy the symptoms of ische mia in the anterior cerbral artery territory seemed to be prevented. 3. The correlation of the preoperative grade and outcome: The mortality and morbidity were higher especially in the preoperative grade (p < 0.001). In the preoperative grade Id the outcome has a tendency to be determined by the severity of cerebral vasospasm. By the hemodilution therapy the occurrence of ischemia is decreased. We conclude that the hemodilution therapy is effective for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia due to vasognasm