KINEMATICS OF JUDO BREAKFALL FOR OSOTO-GARI

The purpose of this study was to identify kinematic parameters of breakfall for osoto-gari that can be distinguished between the experienced and the novice judokas. Eight experienced and four novice judukas volunteered to participate in the study. The motion data of the breakfall for osoto-gari were collected with a three-dimensional motion analysis technique. Our result demonstrated that there are significant differences in the hip movement pattern between the experienced and the novice judokas (

FEAR-IN DUCED CHANGES IN BREAKFALL Kl N EMATlCS FOR OSOTO-GARI IN NOVICE JUDOKAS

Awareness of the risk and incidence of injury during the breakfall movement may lead to a perceived fear, which could be detrimental to breakfall kinematics and may even increase the risk of judo-related head injuries. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the association between the perceived fear of the breakfall movement and breakfall kinematics for osoto-gari in novice judokas. Eight experienced and 10 novice judokas volunteered to participate in this study. Motion data of the breakfall for osoto-garl was collected using a three-dimensional motion analysis technique. We found a similar trend in the joint angle curve and peak neck extension momentum for novice judokas who perceived fear of the breakfall and for those who did not. The results indicate that perceived fear of the breakfall movement may not be associated with a novice judoka's breakfall motion skill for osoto-gari

TRUNK BIOMECHANICS DURING BREAKFALL FOR OSOTO-GARI AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH JUDO-RELATED HEAD INJURY RISK IN NOVICE JUDOKAS

The incidence of head injuries in novice judo practitioners is of increasing public concern in Japan. This study investigated the correlation between trunk biomechanics and judo-related head injury risk in novice judokas with the aim of developing effective injury prevention strategies. Thirty-one novice judokas were volunteered to participate the study. Three-dimensional motion analysis of the osoto-gari breakfall was performed. A multiple regression analysis was usedto test the correlation between trunk biomechanics and possible head injury risk. We found a significant correlation between the trunk COM velocity and the peak neck angular momentum (F= 13.29, df= 3, P\u3c 0.001, r= 0.77). The result suggests that controlling the trunk COM angular velocity may play an important role in judo-related head injury prevention for novice judokas

BIOMECHANICS OF JUDO BREAKFALL FOR OSOTO-GARI IN ADOLSECENT JUDOKAS

Regardless of relatively higher head injury occurrence, few studies have investigated the biomechanics of a judo breakfall technique in adolescent judokas. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate biomechanical characteristics of the breakfall technique performed by experienced adolescent judokas during the “osoto-gari” throw by comparing it with those performed by experienced adult and novice adult judokas. Motion data from the breakfall technique were collected with a three-dimensional motion analysis method. No significant differences were observed in the hip and neck movement patterns between the novice and the adolescent judokas (p > 0.05), but not between the experienced adult and adolescent judokas. This suggests that regardless of experience, the breakfall skill level of the adolescent judokas is not similar to that of adult experienced judokas

KINEMATICS OF JUDO BACKWARD BREAKFALL: COMPARISON BETWEEN NOVICE AND EXPERIENCED JUDOKAS

This study aimed to investigate the kinematic differences in judo backward breakfall between novice and experienced judokas. Eleven experienced and 13 novice judokas volunteered to participate in the study. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected while participants performed five sets of backward breakfalls. We documented head-, neck-, trunk-, hip-, and knee-angle–time-curve profiles during judo breakfalls. The results showed significant differences in knee- and trunk-angle time curves, whereas no significant differences were found in head, neck, and hip kinematics between the novice and experienced judokas. These results suggest that motion of the lower extremity requires more attention during the learning of breakfall technique by novice judokas

Selective expression of KCNS3 potassium channel α-subunit in parvalbumin-containing GABA neurons in the human prefrontal cortex

The cognitive deficits of schizophrenia appear to be associated with altered cortical GABA neurotransmission in the subsets of inhibitory neurons that express either parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST). Identification of molecular mechanisms that operate selectively in these neurons is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies that do not influence other cell types. Consequently, we sought to identify, in the human cortex, gene products that are expressed selectively by PV and/or SST neurons, and that might contribute to their distinctive functional properties. Based on previously reported expression patterns in the cortex of mice and humans, we selected four genes: KCNS3, LHX6, KCNAB1, and PPP1R2, encoding K+ channel Kv9.3 modulatory α-subunit, LIM homeobox protein 6, K+ channel Kvβ1 subunit, and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 2, respectively, and examined their colocalization with PV or SST mRNAs in the human prefrontal cortex using dual-label in situ hybridization with 35S- and digoxigenin-labeled antisense riboprobes. KCNS3 mRNA was detected in almost all PV neurons, but not in SST neurons, and PV mRNA was detected in >90% of KCNS3 mRNA-expressing neurons. LHX6 mRNA was detected in almost all PV and >90% of SST neurons, while among all LHX6 mRNA-expressing neurons 50% expressed PV mRNA and >44% expressed SST mRNA. KCNAB1 and PPP1R2 mRNAs were detected in much larger populations of cortical neurons than PV or SST neurons. These findings indicate that KCNS3 is a selective marker of PV neurons, whereas LHX6 is expressed by both PV and SST neurons. KCNS3 and LHX6 might be useful for characterizing cell-type specific molecular alterations of cortical GABA neurotransmission and for the development of novel treatments targeting PV and/or SST neurons in schizophrenia. © 2012 Georgiev et al

Unraveling micro-endophenotypes of psychiatric disorders at the molecular, cellular and circuit levels

金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系性別、年齢、死後経過時間、mRNAの保存状態がマッチした健常対照例と統合失調症例の20ペアを用い、統合失調症で障害が認められる視覚作業記憶の神経ネットワークを構成する4領域において、カリウムチャネルサブユニットKCNS3の遺伝子発現変化をreal-time PCRにより定量した。統合失調症では、背外側前頭前野で10%,、後部頭頂葉で21%、二次視覚野で22％、一次視覚野では15%の発現低下を認めた。診断を固体間要因、領域を固体内要因とする2元分散分析では、診断(F1,114＝21.6, P<0.001)および領域(F3,114)=26.0, P<0.001)のKCNS3発現への有意な影響を検出した。一方、診断と領域の相互作用について弱い影響を検出した(F3,114＝3.1, P=0.03)。各領域においても、統合失調症における有意な発現低下が検出され、KCNS3の発現は神経ネットワークを形成する各領域で低下していることが判明した。Pvalb遺伝子にCreを挿入したPV-CreマウスとKCNS3遺伝子の蛋白質コードエクソン3をloxp配列で挟んだfloxed-KCNS3マウスをかけあわせ、PV遺伝子の片方でCreを発現し(PV-cre/+)、KCNS3遺伝子変異について野生型(+/+)、ヘテロ(flox/+)、ホモ(flox/flox)の遺伝子型を持つ3匹の同腹なマウスを現在のところ2組得て、大脳皮質におけるKCNS3遺伝子発現をreal-time PCRで行った。1組目では、野生型にくらべヘテロで10%ホモで30%の発現低下、2組目ではヘテロで26%、ホモで41%の発現低下を認めた。現在、遺伝子操作マウスの繁殖を継続している。研究課題/領域番号:15H01280, 研究期間(年度):2015-04-01 – 2017-03-3