自己効力感尺度の作成ガイドラインと海外における教師の自己効力感の測定尺度の作成に関する歴史の詳述

departmental bulletin pape

Reading-Aloud Versus Task-Based Reading Instruction

This research investigated the efficacy of two types of teaching methods in Japanese high school reading classes. An experimental class was taught using task-based materials developed from a standardized textbook with the instructor making extensive use of the target language and employing a more student-centered approach than is typical of Japanese high school classes. A pre-test was administered at the start of the semester with a post-test, regular midterm exam and English language proficiency test given at the end of the semester. The control classes were taught using a method known in Japanese as "ondoku" or reading-aloud that was combined with grammar-translation methods. The results of the post-test showed a significant difference between the groups with the experimental group outscoring all the control groups. No significant differences were found among the other tests. Finally, a questionnaire was administered to identify student reactions to the experimental class and materials. These results and educational implications are discussed

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Potent amyloidogenicity and pathogenicity of Aβ43.

The amyloid-β peptide Aβ42 is known to be a primary amyloidogenic and pathogenic agent in Alzheimer\u27s disease. However, the role of Aβ43, which is found just as frequently in the brains of affected individuals, remains unresolved. We generated knock-in mice containing a pathogenic presenilin-1 R278I mutation that causes overproduction of Aβ43. Homozygosity was embryonic lethal, indicating that the mutation involves a loss of function. Crossing amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice with heterozygous mutant mice resulted in elevated Aβ43, impairment of short-term memory and acceleration of amyloid-β pathology, which accompanied pronounced accumulation of Aβ43 in plaque cores similar in biochemical composition to those observed in the brains of affected individuals. Consistently, Aβ43 showed a higher propensity to aggregate and was more neurotoxic than Aβ42. Other pathogenic presenilin mutations also caused overproduction of Aβ43 in a manner correlating with Aβ42 and with the age of disease onset. These findings indicate that Aβ43, an overlooked species, is potently amyloidogenic, neurotoxic and abundant in vivo

我が国における教師の自己効力感の測定尺度に関する現状と課題 -自己効力感尺度のガイドラインの観点より-

departmental bulletin pape