Urban warming and future air-conditioning use in an Asian megacity: importance of positive feedback

The impact of feedback between urban warming and air-conditioning (AC) use on temperatures in future urban climates is explored in this study. Pseudo global warming projections are dynamically downscaled to 1 km using a regional climate model (RCM) coupled to urban canopy and building energy models for current and six future global warming (ΔTGW) climates based on IPCC RCP8.5. Anthropogenic heat emissions from AC use is projected to increase almost linearly with ΔTGW, causing additional urban warming. This feedback on urban warming reaches 20% of ΔTGW in residential areas. This further uncertainty in future projections is comparable in size to that associated with: a selection of emission scenarios, RCMs and urban planning scenarios. Thus, this feedback should not be neglected in future urban climate projections, especially in hot cities with large AC use. The impact of the feedback during the July 2018 Japanese heat waves is calculated to be 0.11ºC

Asian megacity heat stress under future climate scenarios: impact of air-conditioning feedback

Future heat stress under six future global warming (ΔTGW) scenarios (IPCC RCP8.5) in an Asian megacity (Osaka) is estimated using a regional climate model with an urban canopy and air-conditioning (AC). An urban heat ‘stress’ island is projected in all six scenarios (ΔTGW = +0.5 to +3.0 ºC in 0.5 ºC steps). Under ΔTGW = +3.0 ºC conditions, people outdoors experience ‘extreme’ heat stress, which could result in dangerously high increases in human body core temperature. AC-induced feedback increases heat stress roughly linearly as ΔTGW increases, reaching 0.6 ºC (or 12% of the heat stress increase). As this increase is similar to current heat island mitigation techniques, this feedback needs to be considered in urban climate projections, especially where AC use is larg

Assessment of salivary amylase and peroxidase related to palatability of school lunch for the promotion of healthy eating

総合的な食育指導には各児童の摂食行動のうちで食事時間のみならず, 食事の楽しさ程度を把握することも必要である.これらと唾液分泌能と唾液アミラーゼとペルオキシダーゼ量との関連を調べ, 食育指導に役立つ基礎的な情報収集を目指した.食事の楽しさ, 食事時間や食前の唾液量により唾液アミラーゼ量の変化が認められた。唾液ペルオキシダーゼ量も食事時の楽しさにより変化が認められた。さらに食事時に楽しさを感じない時は, 食事前の唾液アミラーゼやペルオキシダーゼ量も低下していた。これら変化は口腔内健康に影響すると考えられ, 食事時間を楽しく過ごすことの重要性が示された。唾液性状を調べることで食事時間の過ごし方の評価と, その評価に基づく食事行動の適性化の可能性が示唆された