Digital libraries and minority languages

Digital libraries have a pivotal role to play in the preservation and maintenance of international cultures in general and minority languages in particular. This paper outlines a software tool for building digital libraries that is well adapted for creating and distributing local information collections in minority languages, and describes some contexts in which it is used. The system can make multilingual documents available in structured collections and allows them to be accessed via multilingual interfaces. It is issued under a free open-source licence, which encourages participatory design of the software, and an end-user interface allows community-based localization of the various language interfaces - of which there are many

MENGIDENTIFIKASI VARIABEL KONSEP TAMAN RAMAH DIFABEL Studi Kasus : Taman Nostalgia Kota Kupang

Abstract: Nostalgia Park is one of the efforts of the City of Kupang in fostering the enthusiasm of all City residents to create a culture of planting. The presence of this park is also the only park that has become a public space in the city of Kupang. The function of the City's public space is as a place for citizens to release the boredom of routine in life in the Cities. This place is not accessed by only a group of City residents, but it can be accessed as a whole including people with disabilities who have special abilities. In this study, researchers wanted to identify facilities and accessibility based on universal design principles as a variable concept of a park that is difable-friendly in Nostalgia parks. The method used is descriptive qualitative and then compared the existing data with the literature to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the facilities and accessibility of the Nostalgia park. The results of the analysis found that out of the 6 variable variables of the diffable-friendly concept there are 5 variables that have been applied to the Nostalgia park, but still do not meet the standard of application that is accessible and 1 variable that is not yet available at all.Key words: Variables, Park Concept, Diffable FriendlyAbstrak: Taman Nostalgia adalah salah satu upaya pemerintah Kota Kupang dalam  menumbuhkan semangat seluruh warga Kota untuk menciptakan budaya menanam. Kehadiran taman ini juga menjadi satu-satunya taman yang menjadi ruang publik di Kota Kupang. Fungsi dari ruang publik Kota adalah sebagai tempat bagi  warga masyarakat untuk melepaskan kebosanan akan rutinitas dalam kehidupan di Kota-Kota. Tempat ini tidak diakses oleh sekelompok warga Kota saja, tetapi dapat di akses secara menyeluruh termasuk kaum difabel yang memiliki kemampuan khusus. Dalam kajian ini, peneliti ingin mengidentifikasi fasilitas dan aksesibilitas berdasarkan prinsip desain universal sebagai variabel konsep taman yang ramah difabel pada taman Nostalgia. Metode yang digunakan bersifat kualitatif deskriptif kemudian dikomparasikan data yang ada dengan literatur untuk mengetahui kelebihan dan kekurangan fasilitas dan aksesibilitas taman Nostalgia. Hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa dari 6 variabel konsep ramah difabel terdapat 5 variabel yang sudah diterapkan pada taman Nostalgia, namun masih belum memenuhi standar penerapan yang aksesibel dan 1 variabel yang belum tersedia sama sekali.Kata kunci : Variabel, Konsep taman, Ramah difabel

Development of the Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme (SUEWS) for cold climate cities

The Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is developed to include snow. The processes addressed include accumulation of snow on the different urban surface types: snow albedo and density aging, snow melting and re-freezing of meltwater. Individual model parameters are assessed and independently evaluated using long-term observations in the two cold climate cities of Helsinki and Montreal. Eddy covariance sensible and latent heat fluxes and snow depth observations are available for two sites in Montreal and one in Helsinki. Surface runoff from two catchments (24 and 45 ha) in Helsinki and snow properties (albedo and density) from two sites in Montreal are also analysed. As multiple observation sites with different land-cover characteristics are available in both cities, model development is conducted independent of evaluation. The developed model simulates snowmelt related runoff well (within 19% and 3% for the two catchments in Helsinki when there is snow on the ground), with the springtime peak estimated correctly. However, the observed runoff peaks tend to be smoother than the simulated ones, likely due to the water holding capacity of the catchments and the missing time lag between the catchment and the observation point in the model. For all three sites the model simulates the timing of the snow accumulation and melt events well, but underestimates the total snow depth by 18–20% in Helsinki and 29–33% in Montreal. The model is able to reproduce the diurnal pattern of net radiation and turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat during cold snow, melting snow and snow-free periods. The largest model uncertainties are related to the timing of the melting period and the parameterization of the snowmelt. The results show that the enhanced model can simulate correctly the exchange of energy and water in cold climate cities at sites with varying surface cover

PENGARUH JUMLAH UNIT USAHA, NILAI PRODUKSI DAN UPAH MINIMUM SEKTOR INDUSTRI KECIL DAN MENENGAH TERHADAP PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA DI KABUPATEN SEMARANG

The government's target of employment is to reduce unemployment and other employment issues such as limited employment opportunities for decent work. The business in question is the provision of sufficient employment to offset the increase of labor force into the labor market. Employment opportunities, quantity, and quality of labor become an important indicator in development. Employment opportunities are usually created as a result of the large number of business activities, either from private businesses, or by the government. The lower the employment opportunity in a country, the greater the number of unemployed workforce. The government of a country tries to bring in foreign businessmen to invest or run their business within the country. The method of analysis in this study is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. In this analysis model used to know the effect of independent variable to dependent variable that is the number of business unit, production value and minimum wage to the absorption of labor, data used in this research during 17 year period from year 1999-2015. The results of this study indicate that the variable of business unit and the minimum wage variables have a positive effect on the absorption of labor, while the variable of production value negatively affect the work absorption. Variables of production value negatively affect the absorption of labor occurs because the paradigm shift to switch from the work to be capital-intensive, because by using machine tool the production will be faster and more than the output of manpower

Warming effects on the urban hydrology in cold climate regions

While approximately 338 million people in the Northern hemisphere live in regions that are regularly snow covered in winter, there is little hydro-climatologic knowledge in the cities impacted by snow. Using observations and modelling we have evaluated the energy and water exchanges of four cities that are exposed to wintertime snow. We show that the presence of snow critically changes the impact that city design has on the local-scale hydrology and climate. After snow melt, the cities return to being strongly controlled by the proportion of built and vegetated surfaces. However in winter, the presence of snow masks the influence of the built and vegetated fractions. We show how inter-year variability of wintertime temperature can modify this effect of snow. With increasing temperatures, these cities could be pushed towards very different partitioning between runoff and evapotranspiration. We derive the dependency of wintertime runoff on this warming effect in combination with the effect of urban densification.Peer reviewe

Cholesterol- and actin-centered view of the plasma membrane: updating the Singer–Nicolson fluid mosaic model to commemorate its 50th anniversary

Two very polarized views exist for understanding the cellular plasma membrane (PM). For some, it is the simple fluid described by the original Singer–Nicolson fluid mosaic model. For others, due to the presence of thousands of molecular species that extensively interact with each other, the PM forms various clusters and domains that are constantly changing and therefore, no simple rules exist that can explain the structure and molecular dynamics of the PM. In this article, we propose that viewing the PM from its two predominant components, cholesterol and actin filaments, provides an excellent and transparent perspective of PM organization, dynamics, and mechanisms for its functions. We focus on the actin-induced membrane compartmentalization and lipid raft domains coexisting in the PM and how they interact with each other to perform PM functions. This view provides an important update of the fluid mosaic model

Distinct cellular pathways select germline-encoded and somatically mutated antibodies into immunological memory

One component of memory in the antibody system is long-lived memory B cells selected for the expression of somatically mutated, high-affinity antibodies in the T cell-dependent germinal center (GC) reaction. A puzzling observation has been that the memory B cell compartment also contains cells expressing unmutated, low-affinity antibodies. Using conditional Bcl6 ablation, we demonstrate that these cells are generated through proliferative expansion early after immunization in a T cell-dependent but GC-independent manner. They soon become resting and long-lived and display a novel distinct gene expression signature which distinguishes memory B cells from other classes of B cells. GC-independent memory B cells are later joined by somatically mutated GC descendants at roughly equal proportions and these two types of memory cells efficiently generate adoptive secondary antibody responses. Deletion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells significantly reduces the generation of mutated, but not unmutated, memory cells early on in the response. Thus, B cell memory is generated along two fundamentally distinct cellular differentiation pathways. One pathway is dedicated to the generation of high-affinity somatic antibody mutants, whereas the other preserves germ line antibody specificities and may prepare the organism for rapid responses to antigenic variants of the invading pathogen

Flexible antibodies with nonprotein hinges

There is a significant need for antibodies that can bind targets with greater affinity. Here we describe a novel strategy employing chemical semisynthesis to produce symmetroadhesins: antibody-like molecules having nonprotein hinge regions that are more flexible and extendible and are capable of two-handed binding. Native chemical ligation was carried out under mild, non-denaturing conditions to join a ligand binding domain (Aβ peptide) to an IgG1 Fc dimer via discrete oxyethylene oligomers of various lengths. Two-handed Aβ–Fc fusion proteins were obtained in quantitative yield and shown by surface plasmon resonance to bind an anti-Aβ antibody with a KD at least two orders of magnitude greater than the cognate Aβ peptide. MALDI-TOF MS analysis confirmed the protein/nonprotein/protein structure of the two-handed molecules, demonstrating its power to characterize complex protein-nonprotein hybrids by virtue of desorption/ionization mediated by peptide sequences contained therein. We anticipate many applications for symmetroadhesins that combine the target specificity of antibodies with the novel physical, chemical and biological properties of nonprotein hinges