Localized strain field measurement on laminography data with mechanical regularization

International audienceFor an in-depth understanding of the failure of structural materials the study of deformation mechanisms in the material bulk is fundamental. In situ synchrotron computed laminography provides 3D images of sheet samples and digital volume correlation yields the displacement and strain fields between each step of experimental loading by using the natural contrast of the material. Difficulties arise from the lack of data, which is intrinsic to laminography and leads to several artifacts, and the little absorption contrast in the 3D image texture of the studied aluminum alloy. To lower the uncertainty level and to have a better mechanical admissibility of the measured displacement field, a regularized digital volume correlation procedure is introduced and applied to measure localized displacement and strain fields

On strain and damage interactions during tearing: 3D in situ measurements and simulations for a ductile alloy (AA2139-T3)

International audienceStrain and damage interactions during tearing of a ductile Al-alloy with high work hardening are assessed in situ and in 3D combining two recently developed experimental techniques, namely, synchrotron laminography and digital volume correlation. Digital volume correlation consists of registering 3D laminography images. Via simultaneous assessments of 3D strain and damage at a distance of 1-mm ahead of a notch root of a thin Compact Tension-like specimen, it is found that parallel crossing slant strained bands are active from the beginning of loading in a region where the crack will be slanted. These bands have an intermittent activity but are stable in space. Even at late stages of deformation strained bands can stop their activity highlighting the importance of plasticity on the failure process rather than damage softening. One void is followed over the loading history and seen to grow and orient along the slant strained band at very late stages of deformation. Void growth and strain are quantified. Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman-type simulations using damage nucleation for shear, which is based on the Lode parameter, are performed and capture slant fracture but not the initial strain fields and in particular the experimentally found slant bands. The band formation and strain distribution inside and outside the bands are discussed further using plane strain simulations accounting for plastic material heterogeneity in soft zones

Slant strained band development during flat to slant crack transition in AA 2198 T8 sheet: in situ 3D measurements

International audienceIn this work 3D strain and damage analyses are performed in the immediate vicinity of the notch root of a at CT-like specimen made of aluminum alloy. Experimental data, partially exploited by Morgeneyer et al (2014b), were obtained by using synchrotron laminography and the 3D reconstructed volumes are subsequently analyzed via Digital Volume Correlation. These data enable for in situ assessments of strain elds and ductile damage in the zone where the stress triaxiality evolves from elevated to lower levels, which is accompanied by at-to-slant crack transition. The measured strain eld patterns in this area are analyzed herein in a systematic manner by studying the incremental strain activity during several loading steps. It is shown that from the very beginning of the loading history multiple slant strained bands appear in front of the notch root while the corresponding damage growth sets in at later loading stages and higher strains. The activity of the dierent strained bands at the notch root is alternating between dierent locations over the loading history. However, the band leading to nal rupture is always active. The region where slant fracture occurs is identied to be in plane strain condition with respect to the crack propagation direction

In Situ Observation of Strained Bands and Ductile Damage in Thin AA2139-T3 Alloy Sheets

The interactions between plasticity and damage mechanisms are not clearly established concerning the fracture of ductile sheet materials (e.g., flat to slant transition). The question addressed herein is to elucidate which mechanism is responsible for localized phenomena leading to the final failure. A mechanical test carried out on a notched plate made of 2139-T3 aluminum alloy is imaged thanks to synchrotron laminography at micrometer resolution. Ductile damage (i.e., void nucleation, growth and coalescence) is analyzed via reconstructed volumes. Although the low volume fraction of secondary phases in the tested alloy is challenging, digital volume correlation is also utilized to measure displacement fields and estimate strain fields in the bulk of the alloy during the whole test. In the first part of this study, the resolution of the measurement technique is assessed under such conditions. Then strained bands are shown to occur very early on in what will be the slant region of the fracture path. Conversely, damage grows at very late loading steps

In situ 3-D observation of early strain localization during failure of thin Al alloy (2198) sheet

International audienceHigh-resolution in situ synchrotron X-ray laminography combined with digital volume correlation (DVC) is used to measure the damage and plastic strain fields ahead of a notch introduced within a 2198 Al-Cu-Li alloy sheet. Synchrotron laminography is a technique specifically developed for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of laterally extended sheet specimens with micrometre resolution. DVC is carried out using the 3-D image contrast caused by iron-rich intermetallic particles present in the alloy. The alloy is recrystallized and tested in T8 artificial ageing condition involving relatively low work hardening. Inclined strain localization bands are shown to develop at 800 µm from the notch prior to the onset of damage. Damage in this region results mainly from the nucleation of voids on micrometric intermetallic particles and occurs at a very late stage of deformation, followed by very limited void growth. The accumulation of strain in the slanted localization band is found to be a steady process, whereas the crack propagation is a sudden process. Standard 3-D FE calculations using either von Mises plasticity or Gurson's model do not capture the plastic localization process

Développement de la tomographie spatio-temporelle pour le suivi d'essais mécaniques.

The combination of X-Ray Tomography as a 3D nondestructive imaging technic and the digital volume correlation (DVC) which uses two images to measure displacement fields, paved the way to the quantitative exploitation of in situ mechanical testing.This thesis has contributed to broaden the scope of these technics by developing two axes :- On one hand the mechanical regularization which overcomes the lack of microstructural contrast by adding an a priori knowledge of the material’s mechanical behavior. Initially designed for and linear elastic behavior, this strategy has been extended to tests where plastic strain occurs in two directions while preserving the isochoric characteristic of the deformation. This technic has been tested on images of Aluminum plates obtained by laminography to show that localized plastic strain occurs way before plastic damage (i.e. germination and growth of plastic cavities).- On the other hand, from a reconstructed volume, a DVC technic has been developed which measure the kinematic of a sampled on the radios. This strategy allows to reduce greatly the number of necessary projections à each loading step, and therefore to improve greatly the temporal resolution by minimizing acquisition time. This technic has been used on an example of fatigue crack propagation of a cast iron.- At last, the combine use of these two strategies pave the way to appealing perspectives of fast mechanical test with 4D kinematics measurements, where the temporal resolution can be improve by more than two order of magnitude without any loss in the quality of the measure. One can realized that experimental data are redundant, so the validation (or not) of the hypotheses used is obtained at the end of the procedure.These two axes show the gain of using pre-knowledge, either on mechanical behavior, either on the microstructure o the sample, in the resolution of inverse problem for kinematics measurements.La combinaison de la tomographie à rayons X comme technique d’imagerie 3D non destructive, et de la corrélation d’images numériques (DVC) qui permet de mesurer les champs de déplacements à partir de paires de telles images, a ouvert la voie à l’exploitation quantitative d’expérimentations mécaniques in situ. Cette thèse contribue à élargir le champ d’application de ces techniques en développant deux axes :- d’une part la régularisation mécanique qui permet de pallier le manque de contraste microstructurale en compensant ce déficit par une connaissance a priori sur le comportement mécanique du matériau. Initialement destinée à rendre compte d’un comportement élastique linéaire, nous avons étendu cette stratégie à des essais montrant une propension à la localisation de la déformation plastique dans deux directions tout en préservant le caractère isochore de la transformation. Cette technique a été testée sur des images de laminographie de tôle d’un alliage d’Aluminium pour montrer que la déformation plastique localisée précède très sensiblement l’endommagement plastique (au sens de l’apparition et la croissance de cavités plastiques).- d’autre part, à partir d’un volume de référence reconstruit, nous avons développé une technique de corrélation d’images volumiques qui apprécie la cinématique de l’objet étudié directement sur les projections (radiographies). Cette stratégie permet de diminuer très fortement le nombre de projections nécessaires à chaque instant du chargement, et donc d’augmenter très fortement la résolution temporelle de la technique en minimisant le temps d’acquisition. Cette technique a été utilisée sur un exemple de propagation de fissure de fatigue dans une fonte à graphite sphéroïdal.- enfin l’utilisation conjointe de ces deux stratégies ouvre des perspectives séduisantes d’essais rapides avec suivi cinématique 4D où la résolution temporelle peut être augmentée de plus de deux ordres de grandeur sans compromission sur la qualité de la mesure. Enfin, il est à noter que les données expérimentales restent redondantes, si bien que la validation (ou non) des hypothèses utilisées est naturellement obtenu à l’issue du traitement. Ces deux axes soulignent le bénéfice engendré par l’infusion d’une pré-connaissance, que ce soit sur le comportement mécanique ou sur la microstructure de l’éprouvette, dans la résolution du problème inverse des mesures cinématiques

Development of space-time tomography for mechanical testing.

La combinaison de la tomographie à rayons X comme technique d’imagerie 3D non destructive, et de la corrélation d’images numériques (DVC) qui permet de mesurer les champs de déplacements à partir de paires de telles images, a ouvert la voie à l’exploitation quantitative d’expérimentations mécaniques in situ. Cette thèse contribue à élargir le champ d’application de ces techniques en développant deux axes :- d’une part la régularisation mécanique qui permet de pallier le manque de contraste microstructurale en compensant ce déficit par une connaissance a priori sur le comportement mécanique du matériau. Initialement destinée à rendre compte d’un comportement élastique linéaire, nous avons étendu cette stratégie à des essais montrant une propension à la localisation de la déformation plastique dans deux directions tout en préservant le caractère isochore de la transformation. Cette technique a été testée sur des images de laminographie de tôle d’un alliage d’Aluminium pour montrer que la déformation plastique localisée précède très sensiblement l’endommagement plastique (au sens de l’apparition et la croissance de cavités plastiques).- d’autre part, à partir d’un volume de référence reconstruit, nous avons développé une technique de corrélation d’images volumiques qui apprécie la cinématique de l’objet étudié directement sur les projections (radiographies). Cette stratégie permet de diminuer très fortement le nombre de projections nécessaires à chaque instant du chargement, et donc d’augmenter très fortement la résolution temporelle de la technique en minimisant le temps d’acquisition. Cette technique a été utilisée sur un exemple de propagation de fissure de fatigue dans une fonte à graphite sphéroïdal.- enfin l’utilisation conjointe de ces deux stratégies ouvre des perspectives séduisantes d’essais rapides avec suivi cinématique 4D où la résolution temporelle peut être augmentée de plus de deux ordres de grandeur sans compromission sur la qualité de la mesure. Enfin, il est à noter que les données expérimentales restent redondantes, si bien que la validation (ou non) des hypothèses utilisées est naturellement obtenu à l’issue du traitement. Ces deux axes soulignent le bénéfice engendré par l’infusion d’une pré-connaissance, que ce soit sur le comportement mécanique ou sur la microstructure de l’éprouvette, dans la résolution du problème inverse des mesures cinématiques.The combination of X-Ray Tomography as a 3D nondestructive imaging technic and the digital volume correlation (DVC) which uses two images to measure displacement fields, paved the way to the quantitative exploitation of in situ mechanical testing.This thesis has contributed to broaden the scope of these technics by developing two axes :- On one hand the mechanical regularization which overcomes the lack of microstructural contrast by adding an a priori knowledge of the material’s mechanical behavior. Initially designed for and linear elastic behavior, this strategy has been extended to tests where plastic strain occurs in two directions while preserving the isochoric characteristic of the deformation. This technic has been tested on images of Aluminum plates obtained by laminography to show that localized plastic strain occurs way before plastic damage (i.e. germination and growth of plastic cavities).- On the other hand, from a reconstructed volume, a DVC technic has been developed which measure the kinematic of a sampled on the radios. This strategy allows to reduce greatly the number of necessary projections à each loading step, and therefore to improve greatly the temporal resolution by minimizing acquisition time. This technic has been used on an example of fatigue crack propagation of a cast iron.- At last, the combine use of these two strategies pave the way to appealing perspectives of fast mechanical test with 4D kinematics measurements, where the temporal resolution can be improve by more than two order of magnitude without any loss in the quality of the measure. One can realized that experimental data are redundant, so the validation (or not) of the hypotheses used is obtained at the end of the procedure.These two axes show the gain of using pre-knowledge, either on mechanical behavior, either on the microstructure o the sample, in the resolution of inverse problem for kinematics measurements

Evaluation of measurement uncertainties of digital volume correlation applied to laminography data

International audienceThe effect of different data acquisition parameters on the displacement and strain uncertainties of kinematic fields is assessed via digital volume correlation applied to three-dimensional data sets imaged by synchrotron laminography. The measurement uncertainty is estimated for (1) different materials and associated varying contrast; (2) repeated scans, that is, uncertainty due to the imaging system and three-dimensional reconstruction; (3) rigid body motions between two subsequent scans; (4) rescaling of the gray level histogram during 32-bit floating point to 8-bit integer data conversion; (5) changes in the beam properties, that is, use of a monochromator or an undulator; and (6) changes in camera/detector characteristics. It is found that the amount of image contrast is not the only parameter that controls uncertainties for different materials. Furthermore, the rigid body motion procedure should be preferred over repeated scans as it provides more conservative measurement uncertainty values. The applied 32- to 8-bit conversion procedure, beam tuning and detector characteristics hardly affect the measurement uncertainty

In situ observations of strained bands and ductile damage in thin aluminum alloy sheets

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Experimental analysis of ductile failure under low triaxialities early strain localization precedes crack path

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