Design of a contactless body temperature measurement system using arduino

The recent advances in electronics and microelectronics devices allow the development of newly low-cost monitoring tools used by peoples for health preventive purposes. Sensors used in medical equipments convert various forms of human body vital signs into electrical signals. Therefore, the healthcare monitoring systems considering non-invasive and wearable sensors with integrated communication mediums allow an efficient solution to live a comfortable home life. This paper presents the remote monitoring of human body temperature (HBT) wirelessly by means of Arduino controller with different sensors and open source internet connection. The proposed monitoring system uses an internet network via wireless fieldity (wifi) connection to be linked with online portal on smart phone or computer. The proposed system is comprised of an Arduino controller, LM-35 (S1), MLX-90614 (S2) temperature sensors and ESP-wifi shield module. The obtained result has shown that real time temperature monitoring data can be transferred to authentic observer by utilizing internet of things (IoT) applications. The findings from this research indicates that the difference of average temperature in between Sensor S1 and S2 is about 15 0C

Numerical analysis on the effect of normotensive and hypertensive physiological conditions onto hemodynamic characteristics in stented carotid artery

An arterial re-blockage or restenosis by abnormal atherosclerosis and thrombosis progression in carotid artery is associated with the geometry of the implanted medical device, called as stent. However, the physiological conditions consisting of normotensive and hypertensive blood flow in the stented carotid artery are rarely studied in term of hemodynamic characteristic especially near the geometry of the stent strut. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the hemodynamic effect based on its characteristics at different stent strut configurations in carotid artery as well as analyzing the critical parameters at varying blood physiological conditions. Six different geometries of stent that resembles the existing medical device have been studied at three varying physiological conditions of blood. The study was conducted through computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method to analyze the hemodynamic characteristics of the blood flow parameters. In overall physiological condition, the stent geometry of Type VI which are resembling to Acculink (Abbott Vascular), had been shown to have the best hemodynamic characteristic by the parameters of time averaged wall shear stress low (TAWSSlow), oscillatory shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT), which contributed with average luminal surface area percentage about 10.443%, 99.849% and 98.736%, respectively. As the physiological condition of blood flow increased from normotensive to hypertensive, there were two parameters shown to have critical hemodynamic characteristics at different stent geometries which are TAWSSlow and time averaged wall shear stress gradient (TAWSSG) that achieved about 32.388% and 36.629%, respectively. The study had shown that the different stent strut geometries had presented different hemodynamic characteristics due to the effect by the blood flow physiological condition

Computational Modelling to Predict the Pressure Loss Coefficient of Pipe Fitting at KKTDI

Water pipeline system has an important role in delivering water throughout the whole community using piping system. If there is any leakages or damages in any part of the water pipeline system will not only cause problem in delivering water but also could cause cost damage and affect the daily life of the community. The main objective of this research is to investigate the flow characteristics in the pipeline at Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr. Ismail (KKTDI) and to investigate the pressure drop due effect due to leakage along the pipeline system. The second objective is to assess the CFD approaches to calculate the pressure loss coefficients. Computational Fluid Modelling (CFD) simulations used to predict the flow variables such as velocity, pressure by solving the mathematical equations describing the relationship between the flow variables. This program is used in this research to determine the pressure loss coefficients using simulations. The pressure loss coefficient of the piping system is around 33.8 to 50.4 while the average pressure loss coefficient of the plotted graph is 13.1. In conclusion, the pipeline system of KKTDI residential college is studied carefully to determine the pressure loss coefficient and the objective is achieved

Stent Classifications and Effect of Geometries on Stent Behaviour Using Finite Element Method

For the past year, stents have become very important in medical and engineering field. Hundreds of stents have been designed to solve the problem of lesion and anatomy. Design of new stent is needed so uniform drug distribution to the vessel wall and lumen gain at the time of stent implantation would be maximized, also distribution of the stent to the lesion would be ensure its reliability. This article explained about various design of stent that have different geometries and shape and withal to study the effect of different design of stent on clinical outcomes. Different structures of intravascular stents have diverse in stent restenosis that was used to prop open artery diseases routes. Majority of economically accessible stents are planned conventionally to fit all patients. Considering the assortment of injury types, it is visualized that better results will be accomplished if a stent is hand crafted so that it has variable outspread firmness longitudinally to hold the changing weight of plaque and sound course in the meantime while keeping up an adequate lumen distance across. The essential point of this review is to describe previous stent designs for an arrangement of plaque types and research of the lumen after stent implantation. Limits consistence by stent geometry of topology enhancement because of plaque materials and different stenosis levels

Comparative Computational Study of Mechanical Behavior in Self-Expanding Femoropopliteal Stents

The use of the stent to treat peripheral artery disease (PAD) is increased and the proportion of failures also increases. The femoropopliteal artery (FPA) experiences a high deformation ratio compared to the cardiovascular artery due to limp flexion and daily activities that could lead to stent failure, as well as increasing the number of observed mortality and morbidity. In the present work, two of the common PAD stent design models represented as STENT I and STENT II were analyzed by using of finite element method (FEM) to simulate the most mechanical loading modes that could occur in FPA, such as axial tension and compression, torsion, three-point bending and radial compression to give a good understanding of deformation that affected stent inside the in-vivo. The gradual force load was used to simulate all modes, the force values are 0.25 N, 0.5 N, 1.5 N, 2.5 N, 3.5 N and 5.5 N until the stent models obtain the yield-point. The comparison of stent models (STENT I, STENT II) was performed in terms of graphs of total deformation, force-stress and stress-strain for all test modes. The similarity ratio of the total deformation in axial tension and the compression mode for STENT I and STENT II was 17% and that may indicate that STENT I obtained a high deformation value instead of STENT II, while, the torsion similarity ratio was 86% which could show a good agreement in this mode, as well as the similarity ratio, was 78% of the total three-point bending deformation and the value of the similarity ratio in the radial compression mode was 23%. Still unclear what is the clinical mode of mechanical deformation that is more important than others with changing the length of the lesion and stent diameter, and the fatigue life test provides a better understanding of the mechanical tests that must be sought

Heat distribution on abdominal aorta having aneurysm during hyperthermia therapeutic

Hyperthermia therapy is an induce heat treatment to the tumour temperature elevated with temperature 40 ̊C - 43 ̊C to cure the cancerous tissues. Hyperthermia therapy use an outer heat source to rise the temperature of the tumour to 40 ̊C -43°C for a certain period. On the other hand, abdominal aortic aneurysm is an enlargement area of an abdominal aorta. Over time, blood flow can cause the weak area to bulge like a balloon. An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs in the abdominal section of the aorta. Nowadays, the common treatment for AAA are open surgery and endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). There are two treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm nowadays, the potential of risk is high to cause death and post procedural complications. However, an alternative way to replace the open surgery and endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) was found, it called a non-invasive method. Hyperthermia therapy with outer heat source is an alternative idea for treatment AAA. In this study, a heat source with 4 different temperature was used to rise the temperature of the AAA area and two difference physiological condition was applied in the abdominal aorta. The 4-difference temperature of heat source are 50 ̊C, 55 ̊C, 60 ̊C, 65°C and the two physiological condition are normal blood pressure (85mmHg) and high blood pressure (140mmHg). In this pilot study was focus on temperature distribution at the abdominal aorta wall. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) used in this study to simulate the heat distribution on the abdominal aorta wall. CFD software used in this study is ANSYS version R19.2. In this study, the result shows that the heat source at temperature 50 ̊C - 60°C, the normal abdominal aorta wall and abdominal aorta having aneurysm wall temperature reach 39 ̊C - 44°C in NBP and HBP condition respectively

Mechanisms and treatment of femoropoplitealin-stent restenosis

The problem of stent restenosis (SRI) in the femoropopliteal artery (FP) has not yet been resolved; the predictive factors of the mechanisms and treatment in FP-ISR are unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate and give a clear explanation of the mechanisms and factors of FP-ISR that contributed to ISR, as well as a brief survey of the methods that have been used to treat FP-ISR. Methods of treatment with FP-ISR, such as medical, endovascular and bypass surgery, are used for several types of FP-ISR, the DEB device chosen as the first recommended method due to its effectiveness and ease of use

A short review on biodiesel production and costing

Biodiesel has been introduced to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel. It is derived from vegetable oil, alcohol with the presence of a catalyst. One of the most significant issues in biodiesel market is the selling price. This paper will review the research conducted on the production of biodiesel, including the equipment, raw materials and cost. These three elements are crucial to reduce the price and enable biodiesel to be a competitive alternative fuel in the market. This paper also discusses recent developments in production, market values and suggestions for improving the biodiesel process. The results presented in this review may facilitate improvements in biodiesel production and costing

Evaluation System on Haemodynamic Parameters for Stented Carotid Artery: Stent Pictorial Selection Method

Stent implantation is an alternative invasive technique for treating the narrowed artery or stenosis in carotid artery to restore blood to the brain. However, the restenosis process is usually observed after a few weeks of carotid angioplasty and stenting due to abnormal progression of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Many studies reported that the activity of atherosclerosis and thrombosis is majorly influenced by the geometrical strut configuration. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the haemodynamic performance on different geometrical stent strut configurations based on numerical modelling and statistical analyses. Six different stent strut configurations were 3-D modelled and simulated in different physiological conditions; normal blood pressure (NBP), pre-hypertension (PH) and hypertension stage one (HS1) through computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method. The haemodynamic performance of stent was analysed based on parameters namely time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), time averaged wall shear stress gradient (TAWSSG), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT) and flow separation parameter (FSP). Meanwhile, Pictorial Selection Method was used to evaluate the best haemodynamic stent performance based on a scoring system. From observation, stent Type II was seen to show the highest score for TAWSS, which was 3.44 regardless of any physiological conditions. For TAWSSG, the lowest score was observed for Type V stent with 0.36. Furthermore, Type VI stent displayed the highest score for OSI while Type IV has the lowest score for FSP with 3.09 and 1.23, respectively. On the other hand, RRT was seen varying according to the physiological condition where the highest score in NBP condition was achieved by Type I while PH and HS1 condition was achieved by Type VI. In conclusion, Type VI has the best stent performance, whereas Type IV has the worst stent performance regarding the scoring system based on haemodynamic parameters. Further, Type I, Type II, Type III and Type V stents showed moderate hemodynamic performances for all physiological conditions

A review on femoropopliteal arterial deformation during daily lives and nickel-titanium stent properties

The increasing number of studies on the behaviour of stent placement in recent decades provides a clear understanding of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The severe mechanical loads (axial ten�sion and compression, bending, radial compression and torsion) deformation of the femoropopli�teal artery (FPA) is responsible for the highest failure rate of permanent nickel-titanium (Nitinol) stents. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review research papers that examined the deformation of the natural load environment of FPA, the properties of Nitinol and mechanical considerations. In conclusion, a better understanding of mechanical behaviour for FPA Nitinol stents contributes to increased mechanical performance and fatigue-life