14 research outputs found

    Single beat 3D echocardiography for the assessment of right ventricular dimension and function after endurance exercise: Intraindividual comparison with magnetic resonance imaging

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Our study compares new single beat 3D echocardiography (sb3DE) to cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) for the measurement of right ventricular (RV) dimension and function immediately after a 30 km run. This is to validate sb3DE against the "gold standard" CMR and to bring new insights into acute changes of RV dimension and function after endurance exercise.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>21 non-elite male marathon runners were examined by sb3DE (Siemens ACUSON SC2000, matrix transducer 4Z1c, volume rates 10-29/s), CMR (Siemens Magnetom Avanto, 1,5 Tesla) and blood tests before and immediately after each athlete ran 30 km. The runners were not allowed to rehydrate after the race. The order of sb3DE and CMR examination was randomized.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Sb3DE for the acquisition of RV dimension and function was feasible in all subjects. The decrease in mean body weight and the significant increase in hematocrit indicated dehydration. RV dimensions measured by CMR were consistently larger than measured by sb3DE.</p> <p>Neither sb3DE nor CMR showed a significant difference in the RV ejection fraction before and after exercise. CMR demonstrated a significant decrease in RV dimensions. Measured by sb3DE, this decrease of RV volumes was not significant.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>First, both methods agree well in the acquisition of systolic RV function. The dimensions of the RV measured by CMR are larger than measured by sb3DE. After exercise, the RV volumes decrease significantly when measured by CMR compared to baseline.</p> <p>Second, endurance exercise seems not to induce acute RV dysfunction in athletes without rehydration.</p

    Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

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    Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

    Association studies of variants in ATG16L1 and Myosin IXb in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

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    In dieser Arbeit wurden fĂŒnf genetische VerĂ€nderungen an 910 CED-Patienten und 707 Kontrollen mittels Schmelzkurvenanalyse untersucht. Dabei wurde eine Variante im ATG16L1-Gen (c.898G>A; p.T300A; rs2241880), die in zwei genomweiten Studien als Risikofaktor beschrieben worden ist, und vier Varianten im MYO9B (rs1545620 in Exon 20 [p.S1011A], rs1457092 in Intron 20, rs2305764 in Intron 28 und rs2279002 in Intron 32), fĂŒr die eine signifikante Assoziation mit der Zöliakie berichtet wurde, untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte die signifikante Assoziation der ATG16L1-Variante mit dem MC fĂŒr die deutsche Population bestĂ€tigt, und fĂŒr die ungarische, sowie niederlĂ€ndsche erstmals nachgewiesen werden. DarĂŒber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass ATG16L1 einen unabhĂ€ngigen SuszeptibilitĂ€tsfaktor fĂŒr den MC darstellt und keine Gen-Gen-Interaktionen mit bereits etablierten CARD15-Varianten bestehen. CARD15 ist ein Bestandteil des angeborenen Immunsystems. Das aktuelle pathogenetische Modell der Entstehung der CED geht von einer unangemessen heftigen Reaktion des angeborenen Immunsystems auf intraluminale Antigene im Gastrointestinaltrakt aus. ATG16L1 ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Autophagosoms, das intrazellulĂ€re Zellbestandteile und Krankheitserreger zersetzt. Die Fragmente werden durch Exozytose an Immunzellen prĂ€sentiert. Eine beeintrĂ€chtigte Autophagozytose kann daher das Gleichgewicht zwischen Immuntoleranz und Inflammation beeinflussen und damit das derzeit gĂŒltige VerstĂ€ndnis ĂŒber die Entstehung der CED unterstĂŒtzen. Unter den untersuchten vier MYO9B-Varianten konnte lediglich in der niederlĂ€ndischen Population eine Assoziation von rs2305764 in Intron 28 gezeigt werden. Da MYO9B als Bestandteil des Zytoskeletts Zell-Zell- Verbindungen beeinflussen kann, wurden PermeabilitĂ€tsuntersuchungen von Erkrankten und gesunden Kontrollen ausgewertet. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass drei genetische VerĂ€nderungen im MYO9B mit einer gesteigerten gastroduodenalen und intestinalen PermeabilitĂ€t einhergehen. Eine gesteigerte intestinale PermeabilitĂ€t könnte als Ursache fĂŒr einen vermehrten Kontakt der intestinalen Immunzellen mit intraluminalen Antigenen ein weiterer Baustein fĂŒr die inflammatorische Komponente in der Entstehung der CED bedeuten.In this study five genetic variants have been investigated in 910 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and 707 healthy controls by melting curve analysis using FRET-probes. The first variant in the ATG16L1-Gene (c.898G>A; p.T300A; rs2241880), was previously identified as a risk factor for IBD in two genome-wide studies. The other four genetic variants are located in the MYO9B- Gene (rs1545620 in Exon 20 [p.S1011A], rs1457092 in Intron 20, rs2305764 in Intron 28 and rs2279002 in Intron 32), and have been reported to show a significant association with Celiac disease. In the course of this work the predescribed significant association of the ATG16L1 variant with Crohn’s disease could be confirmed in the German population. In addition, for the first time a significant association could also be detected in the Dutch population. Moreover, it could be shown that ATG16L1 resembles an independent susceptibility factor for Crohn’s disease without interactions with already established CARD15 variants. CARD15 is known to be a constituent of the innate immune system. The current pathogenetic model for IBD-development discusses an abnormal severe reaction of the innate immune system with intraluminal antigens within the gastrointestinal tract. ATG16L-1 is an important component of the autophagosome, that disintegrates intracellular particles and pathogens. The fragments are then presented to immune cells by exocytosis. An impaired process of autophagocytosis due to changes in ATG16L-1 activity may thereby affect the balance between immunotolerance and inflammation, and thus support the current concept about the development of IBD. Regarding the four investigated MYO9B variants, only in the Dutch population an association of rs2305764 in Intron 28 with IBD could be shown. As a part of the cytoskeleton MYO9B may influence cell-to-cell junctions and intestinal permeability. Permeability investigations of patients and controls were evaluated employing a three sugar test. Hereby a trend towards an increased intestinal permeability was shown for three genetic variants in MYO9B. A higher intestinal permeability may enhance contact of intestinal immune cells with intraluminal antigens and thus could be considered as another important element for inflammation in IBD

    Multiparametric MRI in detection and image-guided biopsy of prostate cancer

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    Mit großen Schritten etablierte sich die multiparametrische MRT (mpMRT) als zuverlĂ€ssige bildgebende Diagnostik zur Detektion des Prostatakarzinoms. DarĂŒber hinaus weisen Arbeiten der letzten Jahre darauf hin, dass die mpMRT durchaus auch ein bildgebendes „Grading“ erlauben kann. In der ersten Arbeit dieser Habilitationsschrift (Prostatektomiekontrolliert n = 69) wurde geprĂŒft, ob die Kombination der konventionellen MRT mit der diffusionsgewichteten Bildgebung eine verbesserte AggressivitĂ€tseinschĂ€tzung von Prostatakarzinomen erlaubt. Insbesondere die EinschĂ€tzung hinsichtlich der wichtigen Frage, welches dominante Wachstumsmuster im Tumor vorliegt, wĂŒrde in der Therapieentscheidung weiterhelfen und damit das Einsatzgebiet der MRT als nichtinvasive diagnostische Methode erweitern. In Originalarbeit 1 konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine genaue Aufarbeitung der diffusionsgewichteten Bildgebung in der Tat mit dem primĂ€ren Wachstumsmuster nach Gleason korreliert. MR Verlaufskontrollen von bekannten Prostatakarzinomen z.B. im Active Surveillance Setting mithilfe der DWI sind daher vielversprechend und sollten weiter untersucht werden. Die Kombination mit der T2w SignalintensitĂ€t erscheint jedoch hinsichtlich des nicht-invasiven „Gradings“ nicht zielfĂŒhrend zu sein. Um unnötige Biopsien und radikale Therapien durch eine genauere, nicht-invasive AggressivitĂ€tseinschĂ€tzung zu vermindern, sollte die Kombinationen mit anderen innovativen Parametern (z.B. T2 Mapping) weiterhin angestrebt werden. Eine weitere MR Technik im Rahmen der mpMRT zur Detektion ist die Kontrastmitteldynamik (DCE) anhand paramagnetischer Kontrastmittel (KM). Da in den letzten Jahren MR-KM durch ihre Assoziation mit der nephrogenen systemischen Fibrose (NSF) Aufmerksamkeit erregten, wurde in Originalarbeit 2 ein hinsichtlich der NSF sicheres makrozyklisches KM (Gadobutrol) mit dem zu diesem Zitpunkt standardmĂ€ĂŸig verwendeten linearen KM verglichen. Als Referenzstandard diente auch hier die Prostatektomie (Karzinome in Gadobutrol-Gruppe n = 34 , Gd-DTPA Gruppe n = 42). Hierbei konnte qualitativ kein signifikanter Unterschied festgestellt werden, wĂ€hrend quantitativ zugunsten des KM mit höherer T1-RelaxivitĂ€t (Gadobutrol) eine höhere SignalverstĂ€rkung sowohl im normalen Prostatagewebe, als auch im Prostatakarzinomgewebe festgestellt werden konnte. Somit ist insgesamt anzunehmen, dass es auch aus diagnostischem Gesichtspunkt her sicher ist, makrozyklische KM in der MRT der Prostata zu verwenden. Insbesondere T1-RelaxivitĂ€tsunterschiede können jedoch zu unterschiedlicher SignalverstĂ€rkung fĂŒhren, so dass dies in der Bildinterpretation berĂŒcksichtigt werden sollte. WĂ€hrend die Techniken hinsichtlich bildgebender Detektion und AggressivitĂ€tseinschĂ€tzung voranschreiten, ist es aus radiologischer Sicht enorm wichtig, diese Informationen auf eine standardisierte Weise zu erheben und den mitbehandelnden Kollegen auf eine möglichst einfache Art und Weise zu kommunizieren. HierfĂŒr sind von der ESUR 2012 Kriterien (MR PI-RADS) veröffentlicht worden, welche in Originalarbeit 3 an einem Kollektiv von 55 direkt MR-gestĂŒtzt biopsierten Patienten, evaluiert wurden. Aus dieser Studie konnte schlussgefolgert werden, dass insgesamt die MR PI-RADS Kriterien unter Verwendung der konventionellen MRT (T2w, T1w) und der diffusionsgewichteten Bildgebung (DWI, ADC) eine hohe diagnostische Genauigkeit erlauben. Die diagnostische Genauigkeit der evaluierten Kriterien zur Beurteilung der DCE im Rahmen der mpMRT war jedoch statistisch signifikant schlechter als die der T2w und DWI. Auch in Kombination konnte ein inkrementaler diagnostischer Zugewinn nicht festgestellt werden, so dass hieraus geschlossen wurde, dass die aktuellen PI-RADS Kriterien hinsichtlich der DCE zumindest revisionsbedĂŒrftig erscheinen. Da die bildgebende Detektion des Prostatakarzinoms einen histopathologischen Nachweis nicht ersetzen kann, wird die Biopsie des Prostatakarzinoms weiterhin erforderlich sein. Durch den rasanten Erfolg der mpMRT sind gezielte Biopsien in den letzten Jahren ins Rampenlicht gerĂŒckt, welche direkt MR-gestĂŒtzt (Originalarbeit 4, 5) und indirekt mit Hilfe von MR/Ultraschallfusionssystemen bewerkstelligt werden können (Originalarbeit 6). SĂ€mtliche Leitlinien zur urologischen Diagnostik und Therapie basieren auf ultraschallgestĂŒtzte systematische Biopsien. Durch die gezielte Biopsie werden konventionelle Logiken, wie „mehr Gewebe ergibt höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Karzinomdetektion“, egalisiert (Originalarbeit 4, 5). In Originalarbeit 4 (n= 87) konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Karzinomdetektion im MR-gezielten Setting unabhĂ€ngig davon wie oft ein Patient vorher biopsiert wurde, konstante Detektionsraten aufweist. Insgesamt wurden in dieser Studie im Median 3 Stanzen pro Patient entnommen, wobei die Detektionsrate bei den verschiedenen Gruppen zwischen 29% und 67% lag. In Originalarbeit 5 (Stanzen 16G n = 140; 18G n = 143) konnte ein signifikanter Einfluss auf die diagnostische Genauigkeit durch unterschiedliche Nadeldiameter ausgeschlossen werden (Originalarbeit 5), wie es im vergleichbaren Setting bei systematischen TRUS-Biopsien der Fall ist: Auf Stanzenbasis fand sich eine Karzinomdetektionsrate bei 16G Nadeln von 22,1% und bei 18G 24,5% (p = 0,77). Diese ZusammenhĂ€nge deuten darauf hin, dass Leitlinien, welche klinische SchlĂŒsse aufgrund der Anzahl positiver Stanzen oder dem prozentualen Anteil von Karzinomgewebe im Stanzengewebe ziehen, ĂŒberdacht werden mĂŒssen, wenn die Diagnose mittels gezielter Biopsie gestellt wird. In Originalarbeit 6 wird prospektiv (n = 32) eine neue Technik zur Fusion von MR-Bildern mit einer Echtzeit-Ultraschalluntersuchung wĂ€hrend der transrektalen Prostatabiopsie evaluiert. Die ersten Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen durch eine signifikant höhere Detektionsrate gezielter Fusionsstanzen im Vergleich zur systematischen 10-12-fach Biopsie, dass eine Fusion der MR- DatensĂ€tze mit der Echtzeit-Ultraschalluntersuchung möglich und sehr vielversprechend ist. Diese Technik könnte es erlauben insbesondere VerfĂŒgbarkeitslimitationen der direkten MR Biopsie aufzuheben, dabei jedoch die Information der mpMRT in der Prostatabiopsie beizubehalten, so dass gezielte Biopsien flĂ€chendeckend angeboten werden könnten.Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has rapidly established itself as a reliable imaging tool for detection of prostate cancer. In addition, some recent studies suggest that mpMRI may also allow some degree of prostate cancer grading. This habilitation thesis compiles 6 original studies of prostate imaging. The first study included 69 patients with histologic verification of diagnosis after prostatectomy and investigated whether the combination of conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) improves prediction of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Stratification of prostate cancer aggressiveness by imaging would be highly desirable as this information could help in guiding patient management, thereby expanding the use of MRI as a noninvasive grading tool. The results of this study suggest that detailed analysis of DWI does indeed correlate with Gleason scores. Therefore, DWI appears to be a promising imaging approach for monitoring patients included in active surveillance programs and merits further study. In contrast, analysis of T2 signal intensity appears not to improve noninvasive grading. Combination with other novel MRI parameters (e.g., T2 mapping) appears more promising and should be pursued further to improve diagnostic accuracy and thus reduce unnecessary biopsies and radical treatment. Original study 2 investigated dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), another technique included in mpMRI of the prostate. Since MR contrast agents have raised concerns because of their association with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), this study 2 compared a macrocyclic contrast agent (gadobutrol), which is considered to be safe with regard to NSF, with the standard linear MR contrast agent used at that time. Again, prostatectomy was the standard of reference (n = 34 cancers in the gadobutrol group and n =42 in the Gd-DTPA group). There was no statistically significant difference in subjective image quality between the two contrast agents, while quantitative analysis revealed more pronounced signal enhancement of both normal prostate and cancer for gadobutrol, which has higher T1-relaxivity. These results indicate that the macrocyclic contrast agent is comparable to the standard contrast agent in terms of diagnostic accuracy in prostate imaging while minimizing the risk of NSF. However, when interpreting the images, the radiologist using gadobutrol must beaer in mind that the higher T1 relaxivity may produce more marked enhancement. The rapid development of imaging techniques for prostate cancer imaging make it desirable to have a standardized tool for image interpretation, which would also allow the radiologist to communicate imaging findings in a manner that is easily understood by clinicians. In 2012, the ESUR published a standardized system for reporting prostate MRI findings (MR PI-RADS). Original study 3 investigated the MR PI-RADS criteria in a population of 55 patients who underwent directly MRI-guided prostate biopsy. The results of this study suggest that the MR PI-RADS criteria have high diagnostic accuracy when used for reporting conventional MRI (T2w, T1w) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI, ADC), while their accuracy was significantly lower for assessment of the DCE- MRI component of mpMRI. Even in combination, there was no incremental diagnostic gain, suggesting that this first PI-RADS version might require revision with regard to DCE-MRI. Since even the most advanced imaging modalities cannot replace histopathologic confirmation of prostate cancer, prostate biopsy will continue to be necessary in the future. The rapid advancement of mpMRI has sparked an increased interest in targeted prostate biopsy – either with direct MRI guidance (original studies 4 and 5) or with use of MRI/ultrasound fusion (original study 6). All guidelines for urologic diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer are based on ultrasound-guided systematic biopsy. However, when targeted biopsies are obtained, the assumption that “more tissue increases the likelihood of cancer detection” is no longer valid (original studies 4 and 5). Study 4 (n = 87 patients) showed that targeted biopsies yielded constant cancer detection rates irrespective of the number of prior biopsies. In this study, a median of 3 tissue cores were sampled per patient, with detection rates in the different subgroups ranging from 29% to 67%. The results of original study 5 (n = 140 biopsies using 16G needles and n = 143 using 18G needles) ruled out a significant effect of different biopsy needle diameters on diagnostic accuracy, while there is such an effect when systematic biopsies are obtained in a similar setting: the cancer detection rate per tissue core was 22.1% when 16G needles were used and 24.5% for 18G needles (p = 0.77). These findings suggest that guidelines which derive clinical conclusions based on the number of positive tissue cores or the percentage of cancer tissue in the sampled tissue must be revised when targeted biopsy is used. Original study 6 (n = 32) prospectively evaluated a new technique of fusion of MR images with real-time ultrasound during transrectal prostate biopsy. The results of this study show a significantly higher detection rate of targeted fusion biopsy compared with systematic 10- or 12-core biopsy, suggesting that fusion of MR imaging datasets with real- time ultrasound is feasible and promising. With this technique, it might be possible to overcome the limited availability of direct MR-guided biopsy, while carrying over the diagnostic information of mpMRI to prostate biopsy, thus allowing widespread use of targeted prostate biopsy

    Comparison of gadoteric acid and gadobutrol for detection as well as morphologic and dynamic characterization of lesions on breast dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

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    OBJECTIVE In contrast to conventional breast imaging techniques, one major diagnostic benefit of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the simultaneous acquisition of morphologic and dynamic enhancement characteristics, which are based on angiogenesis and therefore provide insights into tumor pathophysiology. The aim of this investigation was to intraindividually compare 2 macrocyclic MRI contrast agents, with low risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, in the morphologic and dynamic characterization of histologically verified mass breast lesions, analyzed by blinded human evaluation and a fully automatic computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were obtained. In this prospective, single-center study, 45 women with 51 histopathologically verified (41 malignant, 10 benign) mass lesions underwent 2 identical examinations at 1.5 T (mean time interval, 2.1 days) with 0.1-mmol kg doses of gadoteric acid and gadobutrol. All magnetic resonance images were visually evaluated by 2 experienced, blinded breast radiologists in consensus and by an automatic CAD system, whereas the morphologic and dynamic characterization as well as the final human classification of lesions were performed based on the categories of the Breast imaging reporting and data system MRI atlas. Lesions were also classified by defining their probability of malignancy (morpho-dynamic index; 0%-100%) by the CAD system. Imaging results were correlated with histopathology as gold standard. RESULTS The CAD system coded 49 of 51 lesions with gadoteric acid and gadobutrol (detection rate, 96.1%); initial signal increase was significantly higher for gadobutrol than for gadoteric acid for all and the malignant coded lesions (P < 0.05). Gadoteric acid resulted in more postinitial washout curves and fewer continuous increases of all and the malignant lesions compared with gadobutrol (CAD hot spot regions, P < 0.05). Morphologically, the margins of the malignancies were different between the 2 agents, whereas gadobutrol demonstrated more spiculated and fewer smooth margins (P < 0.05). Lesion classifications by the human observers and by the morpho-dynamic index compared with the histopathologic results did not significantly differ between gadoteric acid and gadobutrol. CONCLUSIONS Macrocyclic contrast media can be reliably used for breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. However, gadoteric acid and gadobutrol differed in some dynamic and morphologic characterization of histologically verified breast lesions in an intraindividual, comparison. Besides the standardization of technical parameters and imaging evaluation of breast MRI, the standardization of the applied contrast medium seems to be important to receive best comparable MRI interpretation

    Myosin IXb variants and their pivotal role in maintaining the intestinal barrier: a study in Crohn's disease

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    Our data suggest a link between MYO9B variants to an increased intestinal permeability in CD patients. This supports the influence of Myosin IXb on the integrity of the epithelial barrier. The role of MYO9B variants in the overall susceptibility to IBD, however, remains to be elucidated
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