Study of the activation of Zra system : regulation of ZraS zinc activation by the accessory protein of the systeme ZraP

Les bactéries sont exposées aux perturbations externes causées par les changements environnementaux ou la présence d’agents antibactériens nocifs. L’enveloppe bactérienne forme une barrière entre le milieu externe et l’intérieur de la cellule et se trouve donc potentiellement exposée aux dommages causées par les perturbations et forme la première ligne de défense pour les bactéries. Pour survivre à ces conditions, les bactéries ont développé des systèmes à deux composantes (TCS) qui détectent et permettent la réponse à ces stress.Bien qu’ils soient associés à la protéine périplasmique ZraP, ZraSR constitue un de ces TCS. La présence de cette protéine accessoire associé au système ZraSR montre une homologie avec le système CpxPAR qui capte un grand nombre de stress d’enveloppe. Le système Zra est activé en présence de zinc et cause l’expression de zraP, zraS et zraR. Les protéines ZraP et ZraR ont été étudiées mais aucun travail n’a encore impliqué l’étude de la protéine membranaire ZraS et son mécanisme d’activation. En effet, l’étude des senseurs de TCS s’est beaucoup focalisée sur la compréhension de la partie cytoplasmique mais très peu sur le domaine périplasmique. Dans le cas du système Zra, il y a encore des interrogations sur l’activation ainsi que la régulation de ce système. Lors de ma thèse j’ai concentré mes recherches sur le domaine périplasmique de ZraS. Nous avons d’abord voulu comprendre comment le zinc active le système Zra mais aussi par quel moyen la protéine ZraP influe sur cette activation par le zinc. Pour cela, la caractérisation biochimique du domaine périplasmique de ZraS a été effectué et l’effet du zinc sur ce domaine a été observé. De ce fait, nous avons aussi tenté de déterminer quels sont les résidus de ce domaine qui permettent la liaison du zinc. Par une approche in vivo et in vitro, nous avons voulu comprendre le rôle régulateur de ZraP sur le système Zra. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre les différents mécanismes d’activation des différents ESR.Bacteria are exposed to external perturbations due to environmental changes or to the presence of noxious agents. Because the bacterial cell envelope forms the barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell it is highly susceptible to be damaged by these perturbations but it is also the first line of defense. To survive gram-negative bacteria have developed two component systems (TCS) that detect and respond to these envelope stresses.ZraSR is one of these TCS, although it is atypical because associated with ZraP, a periplasmic protein. The presence of an accessory protein associated with ZraSR system shows that it is functionally homologous to the CpxPAR system, a sensor of a variety of envelope stress signals. In presence of zinc, Zra system is activated and allows the expression of zraP, zraS and zraR. The periplasmic protein ZraP and the response regulator ZraR have been studied but the activation of the membrane histidine kinase by zinc has not been studied yet. Indeed, studying of TCS sensors was focused on the understanding of the cytoplasmic domain and less on the periplasmic part.During my thesis, I tried to concentrate my study on the periplasmic domain of ZraS. We first tried to understand how the zinc is activating the Zra system but also how ZraP is regulating this activation. For that purpose, we characterized ZraS periplasmic domain and analyzed the effect of zinc binding on it. Hence, we also tried to identify all of ZraS residues that are coordinating the zinc. By combining in vitro and in vivo assays, we tried to determine ZraP role in the regulation of Zra system. This study could help for the understanding of the mechanisms important for the activation of bacterial stress response systems

Etude de l'activation du système Zra : régulation de l'activation de ZraS par ZraP la protéine accessoire du système

Bacteria are exposed to external perturbations due to environmental changes or to the presence of noxious agents. Because the bacterial cell envelope forms the barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell it is highly susceptible to be damaged by these perturbations but it is also the first line of defense. To survive gram-negative bacteria have developed two component systems (TCS) that detect and respond to these envelope stresses.ZraSR is one of these TCS, although it is atypical because associated with ZraP, a periplasmic protein. The presence of an accessory protein associated with ZraSR system shows that it is functionally homologous to the CpxPAR system, a sensor of a variety of envelope stress signals. In presence of zinc, Zra system is activated and allows the expression of zraP, zraS and zraR. The periplasmic protein ZraP and the response regulator ZraR have been studied but the activation of the membrane histidine kinase by zinc has not been studied yet. Indeed, studying of TCS sensors was focused on the understanding of the cytoplasmic domain and less on the periplasmic part.During my thesis, I tried to concentrate my study on the periplasmic domain of ZraS. We first tried to understand how the zinc is activating the Zra system but also how ZraP is regulating this activation. For that purpose, we characterized ZraS periplasmic domain and analyzed the effect of zinc binding on it. Hence, we also tried to identify all of ZraS residues that are coordinating the zinc. By combining in vitro and in vivo assays, we tried to determine ZraP role in the regulation of Zra system. This study could help for the understanding of the mechanisms important for the activation of bacterial stress response systems.Les bactéries sont exposées aux perturbations externes causées par les changements environnementaux ou la présence d’agents antibactériens nocifs. L’enveloppe bactérienne forme une barrière entre le milieu externe et l’intérieur de la cellule et se trouve donc potentiellement exposée aux dommages causées par les perturbations et forme la première ligne de défense pour les bactéries. Pour survivre à ces conditions, les bactéries ont développé des systèmes à deux composantes (TCS) qui détectent et permettent la réponse à ces stress.Bien qu’ils soient associés à la protéine périplasmique ZraP, ZraSR constitue un de ces TCS. La présence de cette protéine accessoire associé au système ZraSR montre une homologie avec le système CpxPAR qui capte un grand nombre de stress d’enveloppe. Le système Zra est activé en présence de zinc et cause l’expression de zraP, zraS et zraR. Les protéines ZraP et ZraR ont été étudiées mais aucun travail n’a encore impliqué l’étude de la protéine membranaire ZraS et son mécanisme d’activation. En effet, l’étude des senseurs de TCS s’est beaucoup focalisée sur la compréhension de la partie cytoplasmique mais très peu sur le domaine périplasmique. Dans le cas du système Zra, il y a encore des interrogations sur l’activation ainsi que la régulation de ce système. Lors de ma thèse j’ai concentré mes recherches sur le domaine périplasmique de ZraS. Nous avons d’abord voulu comprendre comment le zinc active le système Zra mais aussi par quel moyen la protéine ZraP influe sur cette activation par le zinc. Pour cela, la caractérisation biochimique du domaine périplasmique de ZraS a été effectué et l’effet du zinc sur ce domaine a été observé. De ce fait, nous avons aussi tenté de déterminer quels sont les résidus de ce domaine qui permettent la liaison du zinc. Par une approche in vivo et in vitro, nous avons voulu comprendre le rôle régulateur de ZraP sur le système Zra. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre les différents mécanismes d’activation des différents ESR

A structure-function study of ZraP and ZraS provides new insights into the two-component system Zra

International audienceZra belongs to the envelope stress response (ESR) two-component systems (TCS). It is atypical because of its third periplasmic repressor partner (ZraP), in addition to its histidine kinase sensor protein (ZraS) and its response regulator (ZraR) components. Furthermore, although it is activated by Zn2+, it is not involved in zinc homeostasis or protection against zinc toxicity. Here, we mainly focus on ZraS but also provide information on ZraP

The Two-Component System ZraPSR Is a Novel ESR that Contributes to Intrinsic Antibiotic Tolerance in Escherichia coli

International audienceDuring their lifecycle, bacteria are exposed to continuous changes in their environment, some of which are stressful and can be harmful. The cell envelope is the first line of defense against a hostile environment, but it is also the first target for damage. To deal with this problem, bacteria have evolved systems collectively called "envelope stress response," or ESR, dedicated to the detection and repair of damaged components. Here we decided to investigate whether the atypical two-component system ZraP-SR is a novel ESR. Based on the screening of more than 240 drugs using the Biolog technology, we show that the deletion of zraP or zraR confers increased susceptibility to five classes of antibiotics and to some environmental stress targeting the envelope. Using a microscopy approach, we also establish that ZraP and ZraR are required to maintain envelope integrity. So far, the ZraR regulator was only known to activate the transcription of zraP and zraSR. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing and RT-qPCR, we have now identified 25 additional genes regulated by ZraR, the majority of which are involved in the response against stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ZraP-SR is a novel ESR

Structure and function of the Leptospira interrogans peroxide stress regulator (PerR), an atypical PerR devoid of a structural metal-binding site

International audiencePeroxide sensing is essential for bacterial survival during aerobic metabolism and host infection. Peroxide stress regulators (PerRs) are homodimeric transcriptional repressors with each monomer typically containing both structural and regulatory metal-binding sites. PerR binding to gene promoters is controlled by the presence of iron in the regulatory site, and iron-catalyzed oxidation of PerR by H2O2 leads to the dissociation of PerR from DNA. In addition to a regulatory metal, most PerRs require a structural metal for proper dimeric assembly. We present here a structural and functional characterization of the PerR from the pathogenic spirochete Leptospira interrogans, a rare example of PerR lacking a structural metal-binding site. In vivo studies showed that the leptospiral PerR belongs to the peroxide stimulon in pathogenic species and is involved in controlling resistance to peroxide. Moreover, a perR mutant had decreased fitness in other host-related stress conditions, including at 37 °C or in the presence of superoxide anion. In vitro, leptospiral PerR could bind to the perR promoter region in a metal-dependent manner. The crystal structure of the leptospiral PerR revealed an asymmetric homodimer, with one monomer displaying complete regulatory metal coordination in the characteristic caliper-like DNA-binding conformation and the second monomer exhibiting disrupted regulatory metal coordination in an open non-DNA-binding conformation. This structure showed that leptospiral PerR assembles into a dimer in which a metal-induced conformational switch can occur independently in the two monomers. Our study demonstrates that structural metal binding is not compulsory for PerR dimeric assembly and for regulating peroxide stress