30 research outputs found
Mechanisms underlying center of pressure displacements in obese subjects during quiet stance
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>the aim of this study was to assess whether reduced balance capacity in obese subjects is secondary to altered sensory information.</p> <p>Design</p> <p>cross sectional study.</p> <p>Subjects</p> <p>44 obese (BMI = 40.6 ± 4.6 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>, age = 34.2 ± 10.8 years, body weight: 114,0 ± 16,0 Kg, body height 167,5 ± 9,8 cm) and 20 healthy controls (10 females, 10 males, BMI: 21.6 ± 2.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, age: 30.5 ± 5.5 years, body weight: 62,9 ± 9,3 Kg, body height 170,1 ± 5,8 cm) were enrolled.</p> <p>Measurements</p> <p>center of pressure (CoP) displacements were evaluated during quiet stance on a force platform with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). The Romberg quotient (EC/EO) was computed and compared between groups.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>we found statistically significant differences between obese and controls in CoP displacements (p < 0.01) and no statistically significant differences in Romberg quotients (p > 0.08).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>the increased CoP displacements in obese subjects do not need an hypothesis about altered sensory information. The integration of different sensory inputs appears similar in controls and obese. In the latter, the increased mass, ankle torque and muscle activity may probably account for the higher CoP displacements.</p
Goat kids carcasses fed with three milk replacers
Se evaluó y comparó las características
de carcasas de cabritos cruza Saanen y
Criollo alimentados durante 60 días con tres
sustitutos lácteos diferentes: sustituto formulado
en la unidad experimental FCA, sustituto
comercial para terneros COM y leche
de vaca LEC. Se evaluó la aceptación de la
carne obtenida por parte del consumidor de
Mendoza, Argentina, y la composición
acídica de las carcasas. Las diversas dietas
provocaron diferencias significativas
(p < 0.05) en el contenido de grasa intramuscular
de las carcasas: 8.08; 6.27 y
13.45 % respectivamente para FCA, COM y
LEC. También se encontraron diferencias
(p < 0.05) en la composición acídica, principalmente
en la proporción de ácido linoleico
(C18:0) en los cabritos FCA respecto de los
otros, resultado de la incorporación de una
alta proporción de aceites vegetales en su
fórmula. No obstante los distintos contenidos
grasos y composición acídica no hubo
diferencias significativas de aceptación por
parte del consumidor (p < 0.05).Carcasses characteristics of Criollo-
Saanen goat kids fed during 60 days with
three different milk replacers (goat kids
replacer developed by us FCA, comercial
replacer COM, and cow milk LEC), were
evaluated and compared. Meat acceptability
was tested and correlated with fat level and
fatty acid composition of carcasses.
Differences were detected in the amount of
intramuscular lipids (p < 0.05) for carcasses
of kid goats differently fed (8.08, 6.27 y
13.45 % for FCA, COM y LEC), and also in
fatty acid composition. FCA kid goats had
higher content of linoleic acid than the others,
as a result of the high proportion of vegetal
oils in this replacer. Although, these
differences in fat content and fatty acid
composition did not produce differences in
the acceptance of the meat (p < 0.05).Fil: Rebora, Cecilia.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Rodríguez, Graciela.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Bosch, Silvia van den.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Balmes, Luciano.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Tacchini, Fabio.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Spadoni, Elena.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Pedrani, Mirta
Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Increased Osteocalcin Levels in Acute Aortic Dissection: A Pilot Study on Elderly Patients
Enhanced Transferrin Receptor Expression by Proinflammatory Cytokines in Enterocytes as a Means for Local Delivery of Drugs to Inflamed Gut Mucosa
Therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is often associated with adverse effects related to drug distribution into non-diseased tissues, a situation which attracts a rational design of a targeted treatment confined to the inflamed mucosa. Upon activation of immune cells, transferrin receptor (TfR) expression increases at their surface. Because TfR is expressed in all cell types we hypothesized that its cell surface levels are regulated also in enterocytes. We, therefore, compared TfR expression in healthy and inflamed human colonic mucosa, as well as healthy and inflamed colonic mucosa of the DNBS-induced rat model. TfR expression was elevated in the colonic mucosa of IBD patients in both the basolateral and apical membranes of the enterocytes. Increased TfR expression was also observed in colonocytes of the induced colitis rats. To explore the underlying mechanism CaCo-2 cells were treated with various proinflammatory cytokines, which increased both TfR expression and transferrin cellular uptake in a mechanism that did not involve hyper proliferation. These findings were then exploited for the design of targetable carrier towards inflamed regions of the colon. Anti-TfR antibodies were conjugated to nano-liposomes. As expected, iron-starved Caco-2 cells internalized anti-TfR immunoliposomes better than controls. Ex vivo binding studies to inflamed mucosa showed that the anti-TfR immunoliposomes accumulated significantly better in the mucosa of DNBS-induced rats than the accumulation of non-specific immunoliposomes. It is concluded that targeting mucosal inflammation can be accomplished by nano-liposomes decorated with anti-TfR due to inflammation-dependent, apical, elevated expression of the receptor
Osteopontin: The Molecular Bridge between Fat and Cardiac–Renal Disorders
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifaceted matricellular protein, with well-recognized roles in both the physiological and pathological processes in the body. OPN is expressed in the main organs and cell types, in which it induces different biological actions. During physiological conditioning, OPN acts as both an intracellular protein and soluble excreted cytokine, regulating tissue remodeling and immune-infiltrate in adipose tissue the heart and the kidney. In contrast, the increased expression of OPN has been correlated with the severity of the cardiovascular and renal outcomes associated with obesity. Indeed, OPN expression is at the “cross roads” of visceral fat extension, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and renal disorders, in which OPN orchestrates the molecular interactions, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation. The common factor associated with OPN overexpression in adipose, cardiac and renal tissues seems attributable to the concomitant increase in visceral fat size and the increase in infiltrated OPN+ macrophages. This review underlines the current knowledge on the molecular interactions between obesity and the cardiac–renal disorders ruled by OPN
Role of HIF-1 and NF-κB Transcription Factors in the Modulation of Transferrin Receptor by Inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Signals*
Inflammation generates various changes in body iron homeostasis, including
iron sequestration in the reticuloendothelial system with ensuing hypoferremia
and anemia of chronic disease. Increased iron accumulation is caused by
hepcidin-mediated down-regulation of the iron export protein ferroportin and
higher iron uptake. However, enhanced iron acquisition by macrophages cannot
be accounted for by the previously reported transferrin receptor (TfR1)
down-regulation in macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon
γ (IFNγ) because it impairs a major iron uptake mechanism. Because
TfR1 is up-regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), we investigated
the effect of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals on HIF-1-mediated
TfR1 gene expression. Exposure of mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1
cells or peritoneal macrophages) to LPS/IFNγ up-regulated NF-κB,
which in turn rapidly and transiently activated HIF-1-dependent TfR1
expression and iron uptake. Activation of an anti-inflammatory pathway by
pre-exposure to the adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680
prevented the inducing effect of LPS/IFNγ on HIF-1 and TfR1 expression
by inhibiting NF-κB activity, whereas treatment with CGS21680 alone
increased HIF-1-mediated TfR1 expression by means of an
NF-κB-independent signaling pathway. In conclusion, an interplay of the
HIF-1 and NF-κB pathways controls TfR1 transcription in inflammation.
The consequent changes in TfR1 expression may be involved in modulating iron
retention in inflammatory macrophages, thus possibly contributing to the
development of hypoferremia in the early phases preceding the down-regulation
of macrophage ferroportin by hepcidin
In Vitro Study of the Cytotoxic, Cytostatic, and Antigenotoxic Profile of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae) Crude Drug Extract on T Lymphoblastic Cells
In traditional Indian medicine, the crude drug Hemidesmus indicus root—commonly known
as Indian sarsaparilla—is used alone or in poly-herbal preparations for the treatment of a wide range
of diseases. The present study focuses on the cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of
H. indicus extracts on an acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CCRF-CEM). With this aim in mind,
we subjected H. indicus roots to two subsequent extractions (hydro-alcoholic extraction and soxhlet
extraction). As DNA damage is an important prerequisite for the induction of mutations/cancer
by genotoxic carcinogens, cancer chemoprevention may be achieved by preventing genotoxicity.
Through an integrated experimental approach, we explored the genoprotective potential of the
soxhlet H. indicus extract against different mutagenic compounds and its cytotoxic, proapoptotic,
and cytostatic properties. In our experimental conditions, H. indicus induced a cytotoxic effect
involving the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and blocked the cell cycle
in the S phase. Moreover, the antigenotoxicity results showed that the extract was able to mitigate
DNA damage, an essential mechanism for its applicability as a chemopreventive agent, via either the
modulation of extracellular and intracellular events involved in DNA damage. These data add to the
growing body of evidence that H. indicus can represent a noteworthy strategy to target early and late
stages of cancer
Enhanced and Selective Lipid Extraction from the Microalga P. tricornutum by Dimethyl Carbonate and Supercritical CO2Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Microwaves as Pretreatment
Microalgae are promising alternative sources of several bioactive compounds that are useful for human applications. However, lipids are traditionally extracted with toxic organic solvents (e.g., mixtures of chloroform and methanol or hexane). In this work, we develop a new lipid extraction protocol for obtaining a fatty-acids-rich extract from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and microwaves (MWs) were investigated as pretreatments for environmentally friendly solvent extractions using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and supercritical CO2(scCO2). Pretreatments with various DESs formed by choline chloride (ChCl) and different hydrogen-bond donors (oxalic acid, levulinic acid, urea, ethylene glycol, and sorbitol) were tested in combination with DMC extraction. DESs formed by ChCl and carboxylic acids gave the best results, increasing both the selectivity and the total fatty acid (TFA) extraction yield of DMC (by 16% and 80%, respectively). DESs combined with MW heating followed by DMC extraction allowed a TFA yield and fatty acid profile comparable to those of the traditional Bligh and Dyer extraction method to be reached, along with a much better selectivity (88% vs 35%). This pretreatment was also demonstrated to significantly improve the extraction efficiency of scCO2, increasing the TFA yield by a factor of 20 and providing highly purified triglyceride extracts
Expression of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Epicardial Fat: Link with Tissue Thickness and Local Insulin Resistance in Coronary Artery Disease
Increased expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in adipose tissue has been associated with inflammation, adipocyte hypertrophy, and impaired insulin signal. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), a visceral fat surrounding the myocardium, is potentially involved in the onset/progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). To date, the role of RAGE in EAT has not been explored much. We examined whether the RAGE expression in EAT was associated with EAT adiposity and metabolic dysfunctions normally found in CAD patients. EAT samples were obtained from 33 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. EAT expression of RAGE, GLUT4, adiponenctin, GLO1, HMGB1, TLR-4, and MyD88 was analyzed by microarray. EAT thickness was quantified by echocardiography. Anthropometric measures and clinical parameters were taken. BMI, HOMA-IR, and LAP indices were calculated. With increasing RAGE expression in EAT we observed increases in EAT thickness, reduced expression of GLUT4, adiponectin, and GLO1, and elevations of HMGB1, TLR-4, and MyD88. There were significant correlations between RAGE and EAT thickness and between RAGE and the genes. LAP was higher in patients with increased RAGE expression. Our data suggest that in CAD patients RAGE may be involved in promoting EAT adiposity and metabolic dysfunction, such as impaired insulin signaling
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GLP‐1 Receptor Is Associated with Genes Involved in Fatty Acids Oxidation and White‐to‐Brown Fat Differentiation in Epicardial Adipose Tissue (EAT)
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recent clinical evidence suggested that the potential beneficial effects of glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) analogs on CVD may deal with the reduction of EAT amount, possibly by targeting EAT GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R), as recently discovered. Nevertheless, the role of EAT GLP‐1R and its interplay with EAT genes involved in adipogenesis and fatty acids metabolism are presently unknown.
EAT was collected from 17 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft for microarray analysis of GLP‐1R and genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and adipogenesis. GLP‐1 plasma levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. EAT thickness was measured by echocardiography. The study has been performed in accordance with the Principles of Declaration of Helsinki.
EAT GLP‐1R was directly correlated with genes promoting beta‐oxidation and white‐to‐brown adipocyte differentiation, and inversely with pro‐adipogenic genes. Circulating GLP‐1 levels were higher in CAD than healthy subjects and in patients with greater ultrasound‐measured EAT thickness.
GLP‐1 and its analogs may target EAT GLP‐1R and therefore reduce local adipogenesis, improve fat utilization and induce brown fat differentiation. The increase in circulating GLP‐1 levels may be a compensatory mechanism to improve metabolic dysfunctions. As EAT lies in direct contiguity to the myocardium and coronary arteries, the beneficial effects of GLP‐1 activation may extent to the heart.
Support or Funding Information
The study was supported by funding from Fondazione E. A. Fiera Internazionale di Milano to Università degli Studi di Milano and Ricerca Corrente funding from Italian Ministry of Health to IRCCS Policlinico San Donato.
This is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this published in The FASEB Journal