Efeitos do extrato aquoso da Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni sobre o peso corporal, ingesta de alimentos e líquidos em ratos Wistar imaturos

Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni is a wild herb that grows in Brazil (South Mato Grosso) and Paraguay, being used by natives as a sweetener and as medicine. According to these properties, the authors investigated effects of the aquous extract of this plant on immature Wistar rats corporal weight and food and liquid ingestion, using three different concentrations, through oral application. Solutions were prepared by cold infusion and used in four animal groups, ten animals each. Three experimental groups received Stevia solution at 1%, 2% and 4% respectively. The fourth, control, received destilled water. The animals were males and females and were maintained in the same experimental conditions, receiving during 49 days water and food "ad libitum". The corporal weight was verified every seven days and the results showed that Stevia rebaudiana, in the given concentrations, did not modify the animals' corporal weight, nor altered normal weight variations, since they were in growth phase.A Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni é uma planta nativa do Brasil (Sul do Mato Gorsso) e Paraguai, sendo utilizada pelos nativos como adoçante natural e por seus efeitos medicinais. Devido à essas propriedades, os autores investigaram os efeitos do extrato aquoso dessa planta, em três diferentes concentrações, usada via oral, sobre o peso corpóreo de ratos Wistear imaturos. As soluções foram preparadas por infusão à frio e foram usados quatro grupos de dez animais cada um, aos quais se administrou as soluções  (Stevia a 1%, 2% e 4%), constituindo os três grupos experimentais e ao quarto grupo - o grupo testemunha - administrou-se água destilada. Os animais eram ambos os sexos e foram mantidos nas mesmas condições experiemntais e receberam durante 49 dias, água e alimento à vontade. O peso foi avaliado de 7 em 7 dias e os resultados mostraram que a Stevia rebaudiana, nas concentrações estudadas, não altera o peso corporal dos animais, assim como não impede a variação normal de seus pesos, uma vez que eles se encontram em fase de crescimento

Temporomandibular disorders: Physiotherapeutic and odontological approaches

Authors present a review of the literature on Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), emphasizing some aspects like pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment offered by Physiotherapy and Odontology. The aim of this review is to increase the knowledge about this disturb by students and professionals as well as to discuss its treatments, having in mind its clinical importance

Efeito potencializador do Cymbopogon citratus-Stapf sobre a ação da acetilcolina na contratilidade de músculo liso

Authors searched actions of Cymbopogon citratus-Stapf aquous extract, 2% concentration, on montility of smooth muscle. It were performed 10 (ten) experiments, each of them consisted of the motility record of a segment of duodenum from male Wistar rats maintained in a Tyrode solution water-bath to isolated organ. Physiological parameters (temperature, pH, oxigen supply) were controled to obtain the functional nature of organ motility. It were realized three records to each experiment in this sequency:           First record: control record (standard) from motility of duodenum smooth muscle in Tyrode bath.           Second record: after addition of 0,5 ml physiological solution before the third record, the bath liquid was entirely substituted and the organ was washed tith Tyrode solution.            Third record: after 15 (fifteen) minutes from the addition of Cymbopogon citratus-Stapf tea 2% concentration, it was add 0,5ml acetylcholine solution (11,8165 Mg in 50 ml physiological solution).It was verified that it shows a significant difference between 2nd and third record groups compared whit control records (first record groups) on smooth muscle motility of isolated duodenum from Wistar male rats.Os autores pesquisaram a ação do extrato aquoso à 2% de Cymbopogon citratus-Stapf sobre a contratilidade de músculo liso (duodeno) de rato Wistar, machos. Foram realizados 10 experimentos; cada um constou de registro de contratilidade de um fragmento de duodeno de rato Wistar, mantido em banho-maria para órgão isolado, com solução de Tyrode, controlando-se os padrões fisiológicos de temperatura, pH e oxigenação do banho, a fim de garantir a natureza funcional da contratilidade do mesmo. Para cada experimento realizavam-se três registros, na seguinte sequência:Registro padrão (controle) de contratilidade do órgão no banho (Tyrode);Registro teste: após acrescentar ao banho acetilcolina. Decorridos 15 minutos de substituição do banho e lavagem do órgão;Registro experimental: após colocação do chá mais acetilcolina no banho.Verificou-se que houve diferença significativa entre os grupos 2 e 3 em relação ao grupo controle na motricidade de músculo liso de duodeno isolado, concluindo-se assim que Cymbopogon citratus produziu efeito acetilcolina símilis

Efeito do hexametônio sobre a contratilidade de músculo liso de cobaios provocada pelo extrato aquoso do fungo Ramaria Flavo Brunnescens

Animals poisoning by ingestion of Ramaria flava brunnescens fungus found in Eucalipto groves is common in Southern Brazil. This poisoning does not have an effective antidote yet and it is common to avoid the toxicity by removing the animals from these fields or by using atropin when fungus intoxication signals appear. Present work was reallized to elucidate the manner and place of action of this fungus aqueous extract on isolated guinea pig ileum. For this purpose, we used Magnus Bath and strain transducer to Physiograph connect. Experiences were realized with 18 ileum tested with 10 mcg Nicotine. 24.600 mcg Ramaria flavo brunnescens fungus' aqueous extract and 30 mcg Hexametonium. Those concentrations were choosen from pilot experiences. The results showed that uses of this fungus extract provokes smooth muscle contraction similar to that of nicotin, the difference between both occurs due to Hexametone blockade impossibility. This fact suggests that the death mechanism of animals that eat this fungus is not due to ganglionar stimulation.No sul do país encontra-se um fungo denominado Ramaria flavo brunnescens que prolifera em bisques de eucalipto e que produz envenenamento de animais através de sua ingestão. As substâncias contidas nesse fungo responsaveis por tal envenenamento ainda não possuem antídoto e evita-se o quadro tóxico nos animais, retirando-os das pastagens onde existem bosques de eucalipto e tem-se empregado, como tratamento sintomático a atropina. Para esclarecer o mecanismo de ação do extrato aquoso desse fungo sobre a contratilidade de músculo liso de cobaios, utilizaram-se íleos isolados de cobaio em banho-maria de Magnus, utilizando transdutor de força a acoplado ao fisiógrafo (marca Harvad, USA). As experiências foram realizadas em 18 preparações de íleo de cobaios isolados, conforme técnica descrita acima. As substâncias e concentrações testadas através de adição ao banho, selecionadas em experiências-piloto foram as seguintes: 10 microgramas de nicotina; 24.600 microgramas de extrato aquoso do fungo Ramaria flavo brunnescens; e 30 microgramas de Hexametônio.A adição do extrato do referido fungo produz uma concentração da musculatura lisa semelhante aquela provocada pela nicotina, diferindo dessa porque não é bloqueada pelo hexametônio. Isso induz a pensar que a morte dos animais que ingerem o fungo não seja provocada por estimulação ganglionar

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access

10.1111/gcb.14904GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY261119-18