Effect of salts on the formation of acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and flavour compounds in a crust-like glucose/wheat flour dough system during heating

Among many strategies known to mitigate acrylamide formation, addition of cations, particularly calcium, is effective and can be used in bakery products. In this study, the effects of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, sodium lactate, calcium lactate, and magnesium lactate on aroma and acrylamide formation were investigated in glucose/wheat flour dough systems during heating. Addition of salts inhibited Maillard reaction in favour of caramelisation, with divalent cations found to be most effective. The impact of salts on acrylamide reduction became less effective with increasing temperature. Most Strecker aldehydes and pyrazines decreased in the presence of salts, however CaCl2 and calcium lactate increased the concentration of furans, furfurals, and diketones. Calcium lactate also increased some ethyl-substituted pyrazines at high temperatures. Reduction of acrylamide with salts is associated with higher amounts of furan derivatives and decreased amounts of Strecker aldehydes and pyrazines. The mechanisms behind these changes are discussed

Co-firing of biomass with coals Part 1. Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis of combustion of fir (abies bornmulleriana) wood

The chemical composition and reactivity of fir (Abies bornmulleriana) wood under non-isothermal thermogravimetric (TG) conditions were studied. Oxidation of the wood sample at temperatures near 600 A degrees C caused the loss of aliphatics from the structure of the wood and created a char heavily containing C-O functionalities and of highly aromatic character. On-line FTIR recordings of the combustion of wood indicated the oxidation of carbonaceous and hydrogen content of the wood and release of some hydrocarbons due to pyrolysis reactions that occurred during combustion of the wood. TG analysis was used to study combustion of fir wood. Non-isothermal TG data were used to evaluate the kinetics of the combustion of this carbonaceous material. The article reports application of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall model to deal with non-isothermal TG data for the evaluation of the activation energy corresponding to the combustion of the fir wood. The average activation energy related to fir wood combustion was 128.9 kJ/mol, and the average reaction order for the combustion of wood was calculated as 0.30

Biogeosciences perspectives on integrated, coordinated, open, networked (ICON) science

This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state of ICON principles (Goldman et al. 2021) in the AGU Biogeosciences section and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different topic: Global collaboration, technology transfer and application (Section 2), Community engagement, citizen science, education, and stakeholder involvement (Section 3), and Field, experimental, remote sensing, and real-time data research and application (Section 4). We discuss needs and strategies for implementing ICON and outline short- and long-term goals. The inclusion of global data and international community engagement are key to tackle grand challenges in biogeosciences. Although recent technological advances and growing open-access information across the world have enabled global collaborations to some extent, several barriers ranging from technical to organizational to cultural have remained in advancing interoperability and tangible scientific progress in biogeosciences. Overcoming these hurdles is necessary to address pressing large-scale research questions and applications in the biogeosciences, where ICON principles are essential. Here, we list several opportunities for ICON, including coordinated experimentation and field observations across global sites, that are ripe for implementation in biogeosciences as a means to scientific advancements and social progress

Biogeosciences Perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) Science

This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) principles in the American Geophysical Union Biogeosciences section, and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different topic: (a) Global collaboration, technology transfer, and application (Section 2), (b) Community engagement, community science, education, and stakeholder involvement (Section 3), and (c) Field, experimental, remote sensing, and real-time data research and application (Section 4). We discuss needs and strategies for implementing ICON and outline short- and long-term goals. The inclusion of global data and international community engagement are key to tackling grand challenges in biogeosciences. Although recent technological advances and growing open-access information across the world have enabled global collaborations to some extent, several barriers, ranging from technical to organizational to cultural, have remained in advancing interoperability and tangible scientific progress in biogeosciences. Overcoming these hurdles is necessary to address pressing large-scale research questions and applications in the biogeosciences, where ICON principles are essential. Here, we list several opportunities for ICON, including coordinated experimentation and field observations across global sites, that are ripe for implementation in biogeosciences as a means to scientific advancements and social progress

Tundra microbial community taxa and traits predict decomposition parameters of stable, old soil organic carbon.

The susceptibility of soil organic carbon (SOC) in tundra to microbial decomposition under warmer climate scenarios potentially threatens a massive positive feedback to climate change, but the underlying mechanisms of stable SOC decomposition remain elusive. Herein, Alaskan tundra soils from three depths (a fibric O horizon with litter and course roots, an O horizon with decomposing litter and roots, and a mineral-organic mix, laying just above the permafrost) were incubated. Resulting respiration data were assimilated into a 3-pool model to derive decomposition kinetic parameters for fast, slow, and passive SOC pools. Bacterial, archaeal, and fungal taxa and microbial functional genes were profiled throughout the 3-year incubation. Correlation analyses and a Random Forest approach revealed associations between model parameters and microbial community profiles, taxa, and traits. There were more associations between the microbial community data and the SOC decomposition parameters of slow and passive SOC pools than those of the fast SOC pool. Also, microbial community profiles were better predictors of model parameters in deeper soils, which had higher mineral contents and relatively greater quantities of old SOC than in surface soils. Overall, our analyses revealed the functional potential of microbial communities to decompose tundra SOC through a suite of specialized genes and taxa. These results portray divergent strategies by which microbial communities access SOC pools across varying depths, lending mechanistic insights into the vulnerability of what is considered stable SOC in tundra regions

OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUĞU OLAN BİREYLERDE HEMŞİRELİK BAKIMI

Özet: Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) tanım olarak çocukluk çağında belirti veren, ortaya çıkış nedeni tam olarak belli olmayan, nöro-gelişimsel bir hastalıktır1. OSB’nin etiyolojisi tam olarak açıklanamasa da son on yıla bakıldığında bu durumun genetik, çevresel, nöroanatomik, nörokimyasal ve nörofizyolojik birçok etkenden kaynaklı olabileceğine yönelik çalışmalar mevcuttur 1,2. OSB’nin bireyde tanı koyulabilmesi için Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA) tarafından hazırlanan DSM-5 kriterleri kullanılmaktadır. DSM-5’e göre, otizm tanılamasında iki temel klinik özellik vardır. Bunlar toplumsal iletişim ve etkileşimde bozulma ile kısıtlı yineleyici davranışlardır. OSB’li bireyler; bilişsel, duyuşsal, davranışsal, iletişim ve sosyal etkileşim kurmada birçok sorun yaşamaktadır 1,2,3. OSB’li bireylerin tedavisinde ise bireye uygun bir eğitim planlanmasının yanı sıra çeşitli bilişsel ve davranışsal terapilerin uygulanması, hastalık sürecinin yönetilmesi bakımından önem taşımaktadır2,3. OSB erken çocuklukta görülen, kesin tedavisi olmayan bir bozukluk olmasına rağmen hastalığın erken dönemde saptanması birey için tedavideki başarı şansını arttırmaktadır. Son yıllarda OSB’nin tanısındaki artış, toplumda OSB’nin erken tanılama sürecinin başlatılmasında sağlık profesyonellerinin önemli rolü olduğunu göstermektedir2,3. Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluk olan OSB’nin erken çocukluk döneminde tanılanmasında ise hemşireler özellikle uygulayıcı, eğitici, rehberlik ve danışmanlık görevleri kapsamında anahtar bir role sahiptir3,4,5. Hemşireler bu rolleri doğrultusunda çocuk bakımında ve büyüme-gelişme izleminde yapacakları fiziki muayene ile OSB’nin erken tanılanmasında yardımcı olabilir, doğru iletişim tekniklerini kullanarak OSB’li bireyin bakımında etkin rol oynayabilir ve ebeveynlerin gelişimselbozukluklar konusunda bilgilendirilmesini sağlayarak, tedavi sürecinin daha etkin ve etkili yönetilmesine rehberlik edebilir4,5,6,7. Literatürde yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde; hemşirelerin OSB’li bireylerin tanılanmasında önemli bilgi birikimine sahip oldukları6 ve OSB hakkında eğitim alan hemşirelerin OSB’li bireylerin tanılanmasında bilgi düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu7 saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak hemşireler, OSB’nin erken tanılanma ve müdahale süreçlerinde aracı ve önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu kapsamda hemşirelerin OSB’nin tespit edilmesinde gerekli bilgi, beceriye sahip olmaları, OSB’li bireyin büyüme-gelişiminde erken müdahalelerde bulunmaları, ebeveynleri desteklemeleri ve OSB’nin tedavi sürecinin yönetiminde diğer sağlık ekibi üyeleriyle iş birliği içerisinde olup çeşitli stratejiler geliştirmeleri gerekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Otizm spektrum bozukluğu, hemşirelik bakımı, erken tanı, tedavi