Utilization of Shrimp Shell Wastes to Produce Chitinase From Streptomyces Macrosporeus Inacc A454

Chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) hydrolyze chitin polymers into shorter oligomers and N-acetyl glucosamine monomers. Chitinis found in marineinvertebrates shell, particularly crustaceans, insects, mollusks, and fungal cell walls. Shrimp waste is very important source of chitin. This study aimed to determine actinomycetes ability from P. Belitung to produce chitinase with substrate contained chitin from shrimp waste. The chitinase enzyme was characterized including incubation time, the optimum pH, temperature and stability. The effect of metal ions as activators or inhibitors of the enzyme were measured using spectrophotometer at ? 584 nm. Actinomycetes strain was identifiedusing 16S rDNA sequences. Chitinase activity was qualitatively demonstrated by clear zone around the colonies in the medium containing 1% colloidal chitin. The result showed that the highest activity were incubation time of five days, temperature of 50ºC and pH 8 by 0.0304 U/mL, 0.0312 U/mL and 0.0421 U/mL, respectively. At concentration of 1mM the enzyme were activated by divalent cations CaCl2, MnCl2, CuCl2and monovalent cations KCl, NaCl. Molecular identification based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that actinomycetes isolate was Streptomyces ­­­macrosporeus. The strain was registered in the InaCC collection (no. A 454)

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Ketepeng Cina (Cassia Alata L.) on the Macropages Activities and Capacities

Ketepeng Cina (KC) (Cassia alata L.) has already been reported to stimulate the immune response. The current study investigates the role of KC on mice macrophages activities and capacyties. Twenty four Swiss mice were divided into 6 equal groups. The first control group (Group I), received phytohemaglutinin. The second control group (Group II), was given CMC Na 0,5%. The third control group (Group III), was given aquadest. The cases group: group IV received 42 mg ethanol extract of KC/20 g BW, group V received 84 mg/20 BW, and group VI received 168 mg/20 g BW. These were admonished orally on day 1 until 7. On day 8, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were injected intraperitoneally. The macrophages activities and capacyties were counted on slide smears of mice peritoneal fluid. According to enhancement of dose, either the macrophages activities or capacyties were found. The lowest activity encounter on the negative control (group II and III) followed by Group IV, V, positive control (group I) and group VI

Population Of Rafflesia Patma At Leuweung Cipeucang Geopark Ciletuh Sukabumi

Rafflesia is a largest flower in its species in the world. The main issues which threatened this species were cause by; the destruction of therainforest as its natural fragmentation habitat and for its land conversion moreover the lack of conservation effort and understanding from thestakeholder. This plant belongs to endemic and protect species in Indonesia. This research purpose is to analyze Rafflesia patma population andecology at Leuweung Cipeucang Geopark Ciletuh Sukabumi. Purposive sampling was used to collect data in this research by using 1.000 meter plotplotwhich involve Rafflesia patma population and ecological data. The population data covering size, shape, quantity and inflorescence phase ofRafflesia patma while the ecological data covering the plant vegetation and physical habitat. 21 individual Rafflesia patma were found at LeweungCipeucang, and at the high of 196-217 m dpl Tetrastigma papilosum were located. Rafflesia patma population consists of 13% blooming flower, 9%inanimate after blooming, 26% living knop, 52% dead knop. The Highest significant index value (INP) occur in seeding level and stake on Streblusilicifolius species from Moraceae Family with 58,5% INP value at seeding level, 28% at stake level, at the tree vegetation level occur at Ficustinctoria species from Moracea family with 37,45% INP value. The highest diversity index occurs on seeding level vegetation is at 9,54

Penerapan Teknologi Fermentasi Pada Bioproses Fermentasi Minyak Kelapa (Fermikel)* [Bioprocessing of Fermented Coconut Oil by Application of Fermentation Technology]

Methods of extracting oil from coconut endosperm by fermentatbn were studied. The factors which must be controlled to break the emulsion and liberate oil were investigated. It was found that grinding conditions exerted a profound effect upon the stability of the coconut milk emulsion. The optimum condition for rapid fermentathn of coconut milk was related to the condition during incubation period. The fermentation progressed best under mild conditions (28°-40 °Cj. The fermentation was successful in breaking the emulsion at a relatively broad of range and titrable acidity. Coconut cream and small volume of coconut water and "lontar" (palmyra palmj-sap were incubated separately with some strains of Bacillus species, which were preincubated in a coconut tomato-extract sugar (CTSj medium using a shaker, and grown as a starter under conditions that allowed for coconut oil production at pH 4,0-5,0 and 30 °- 40 "C for 12-24 h. The organism destabilizes the emulsion, apparently by metabolizing sugars, resulting in the production of protein curd and high-quality oil. The palm sap and coconut water to the cream ratio of fermentation medium influenced the performance of oil produced and the bacteria grew well and produced oil in non sterile systems. The oil recovered was about 25 to 20% while average amount of oil in the coconut is approximately 25-35%, which means that only 83,33 to 66,67% oil was recovered. The oil contained little free fatty acid and very low concentration of cholesterol (0,0095 mg/ml), while the traditional coconut oil and commercially palm oil were 0,0111 mg/ml and 0,0132 mg/ml, respectively

Diagnosis of Linking Activities of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering of Universidad Tecnica De Manabi

The aim of the study is to determine the contribution of universities to the development of society through linkage projects carried out by students of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering at the Universidad Técnica de Manabí. At work, the results achieved in the institutional evaluation and self-assessment racing related indicators linking with society and offered projects are identified by the career of Agricultural Engineering in the period of the past five years are analyzed. Later a survey was applied to communities to determine their needs are the same, in order to compare the offered with the defendant and propose improvements in the process. The results of the survey of the communities show that some of the defendant's themes have not been offered so not being met community needs. As a result of this diagnosis strategy that support the continuous improvement of the process of linking with society career of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Técnica de Manabí and contribute to social and economic development of the territory they are proposed

Improvement Method of Gene Transfer in Kappaphycus Alvarezii

Method of foreign gene transfer in red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii has been reported, however, li-mited number of transgenic F0 (broodstock) was obtained. This study was conducted to improve the method of gene transfer mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in order to obtain high percentage of K. alvarezii transgenic. Superoxide dismutase gene from Melastoma malabatrichum (MmCu/Zn-SOD) was used as model towards increasing adaptability of K. alvarezii to environmental stress. The treat-ments were the culture media and recovery duration, and each treatment consisted of three replica-tions. The best method was co-cultivation using liquid media, then recovery was conducted in liquid media for 10 days. That treatment allowed higher transformation percentage (90%), regeneration effi-ciency (90%), putative bud efficiency (100%), number of buds and explants sprouted (100%) and transgenic explants (100%). The transgenic explants showed an amplification PCR product of Mm-Cu/Zn-SOD gene fragment, whereas the non-transgenic explants showed no amplification product. All results revealed that suitable method of transgenesis for K. alvarezii has been developed

Diversity of Actinomycetes From Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Bali

A total of 229 strains of actinomycetes were isolated and identified by full sequence of 16S rRNA gene analysis. Samples consisted of 18 soil and 20 leaf-litter were collected from Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Bali Island, Indonesia. Two isolation methods, i.e. SDS-Yeast Extract (SY) and Rehydration-Centrifugation (RC) were used in this study. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolated actinomycetes may be grouped into 28 genera. Based on molecular analysis of 16S rRNA gene similarities showed that isolated actinomycetes of Eka Karya Botanical Garden origin is diverse. Analysis on 144 isolates from soil samples, resulted in 24 genera and more than 87 species. Streptomyces is the most dominant genus where 65 isolates or 45% from isolated actinomycetes belong to this genus. It was followed by Actinoplanes (25 isolates =17%). From leaf-littersamples, the total number of 85 isolates may be grouped into 9 genera and more than 41 species. The most dominated genus is Actinoplanes (42 isolates =49%) followed by Catenuloplanes (16 isolates=19%)

Distribution of COL8A2 and COL8A1 gene variants in Caucasian primary open angle glaucoma patients with thin central corneal thickness

Purpose: One approach to identify genes that contribute to common complex ocular disorders such as primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is to study the genetic determinates of endophenotypes that are defined by underlying pre-disposing heritable quantitative traits such as central corneal thickness (CCT). Collagen VIII is a major component of Descemet’s membrane and studies in mice have indicated that targeted inactivation of the genes encoding the collagen type 8 alpha1 (Col8a1) and collagen type 8 alpha2 (Col8a2) subunits (COL8A1 and COL8A2) results in thinning of the corneal stroma and of Descemet’s membrane. The purpose of this study is to evaluate COL8A1 and COL8A2 as candidate genes for thin CCT in human POAG patients. Methods: 100 Caucasian POAG patients were enrolled in this study. The entire COL8A1 and COL8A2 coding sequence was determined in 8 patients with CCT586 µm (one standard deviation above the mean). Selected COL8A2 exons containing variants of interest were sequenced in the full POAG cohort. Association and quantitative trait analyses were performed. Results: Three patients with CCT less than 513 µm and advanced POAG were found to have missense changes in COL8A2; two patients had a previously identified mutation, R155Q and one had a novel change, P678L (p=0.0035, Fisher’s exact test). Missense changes were not found in any of the patients with CCT>513 µm and missense changes in the COL8A1 gene were not found in any patient. One common COL8A2 SNP, rs274754 was also statistically associated with CCT (p=0.018). Conclusions: In this study we have identified COL8A2 missense changes in a group of Caucasian patients with very thin CCT and advanced POAG. These results suggest that DNA sequence variants in the COL8A2 gene may be associated with thin corneas in some glaucoma patients. Further study of COL8A2 variants in other patient populations, especially those with thinner CCT such as African-Americans would provide further support for a role of COL8A2 in corneal thickness and in glaucoma