Imaging in major salivary gland diseases

Most of the salivary glands diseases are characterized only by a few distinct clinical patterns. Medical history and clinical examination are still considered of great relevance. However, in order to obtaine a definite diagnosis, imaging techniques are required in most of the cases. Salivary glands ultrasonography (US) is the technique to be used as the first because US can easily differentiate calculosis, inflammatory diseases and tumors. Sonography is also frequently needed to perform needle aspiration or biopsy (FNAC). Sialography should be used essentially for assessing chronic sialoadenitis as well as Sjogren's syndrome. At present, Magnetic Resonance sialography should be preferred because of the greater sensibility in diagnosing inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands. It allows to evaluate both intraglandular oedema and nodules, so that incannulation of the salivary duct is not required. Computer Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance imaging (MR) are useful when neoplasm are suspected, particularly if deep areas of the gland, which cannot be visualized by US, are involved. Sequential scintigraphy is currently employed for assessing the functional status of all the 4 major salivary glands and evaluating the chronic evolution of glandular damage

Panel 6 : Vaccines

Objective. To review the literature on progress regarding (1) effectiveness of vaccines for prevention of otitis media (OM) and (2) development of vaccine antigens for OM bacterial and viral pathogens. Data Sources. PubMed database of the National Library of Science. Review Methods. We performed literature searches in PubMed for OM pathogens and candidate vaccine antigens, and we restricted the searches to articles in English that were published between July 2011 and June 2015. Panel members reviewed literature in their area of expertise. Conclusions. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are somewhat effective for the prevention of pneumococcal OM, recurrent OM, OM visits, and tympanostomy tube insertions. Widespread use of PCVs has been associated with shifts in pneumococcal serotypes and bacterial pathogens associated with OM, diminishing PCV effectiveness against AOM. The 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine containing Haemophilus influenzae protein D (PHiD-CV) is effective for pneumococcal OM, but results from studies describing the potential impact on OM due to H influenzae have been inconsistent. Progress in vaccine development for H influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and OM-associated respiratory viruses has been limited. Additional research is needed to extend vaccine protection to additional pneumococcal serotypes and other otopathogens. There are likely to be licensure challenges for protein-based vaccines, and data on correlates of protection for OM vaccine antigens are urgently needed. Implications for Practice. OM continues to be a significant health care burden globally. Prevention is preferable to treatment, and vaccine development remains an important goal. As a polymicrobial disease, OM poses significant but not insurmountable challenges for vaccine development.Peer reviewe

Effects of body position and bicycle frame on cycling performance in triathlon

Schena F., Tregnaghi P., Capelli C. Effects of body position and bicycle frame on cycling performance in triathlon. In: Les Cahiers de l'INSEP, n°24, 1999. 2e Congrès international de triathlon de l’INSEP – 2nd INSEP international triathlon Congress pp. 233-234

Effets du positionnement du corps et des cadres de vélo sur la performance de la partie cycliste du triathlon

Schena F., Tregnaghi P., Capelli C. Effets du positionnement du corps et des cadres de vélo sur la performance de la partie cycliste du triathlon. In: Les Cahiers de l'INSEP, n°24, 1999. 2e Congrès international de triathlon de l’INSEP – 2nd INSEP international triathlon Congress pp. 231-232

Incidences de l'entraînement au triathlon sur la performance maximale en natation, cyclisme et course à pied

Schena F., Dall'ovo C., Guerrini F., Tregnaghi P. Incidences de l'entraînement au triathlon sur la performance maximale en natation, cyclisme et course à pied. In: Les Cahiers de l'INSEP, n°20, 1997. Un sport, deux enchaînements, trois disciplines : le triathlon. Actes du 1er symposium international de l'entraînement en triathlon. pp. 129-132