1,184 research outputs found

    Epiconvergence of a Sequence of Level Sums of Convex Functions

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    We consider the problem of minimizing the max of two convex functions from both approximation and sensitivity point of view.This lead up to study the epiconvergence of a sequence of level sums of convex functions and the related dual problems

    L'OCCGE et l'onchocercose

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    Effect of compost and soil properties on the availability of compost phosphate for white clover ( Trifolium repens L.)

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    Wide variation in results exists in the literature on the effectiveness of composts to sustain the phosphorus (P) nutrition of crops. The aim of this work was to assess the importance of some soil and composts properties on the utilization of compost-P by white clover (Trifolium repens L.). This study was carried out with samples collected from four composts made from solid kitchen and garden wastes, and with two soil samples taken from the A horizon of a P-rich sandy acidic Dystrochrept and of a P-limited clayey calcareous Eutrochrept. Changes in the amount of inorganic P (Pi) isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E1min) were measured during 32 weeks in incubated soil-composts or soil-KH2PO4mixtures where P sources had been added at the rate of 50 mg P kg−1 soil. Uptake of compost-P or KH2PO4-P by white clover was measured on the same amended soils during 16 weeks. In both soils, the application of composts resulted after 32 weeks of incubation in E1min values ranging between those observed in the control without P and those observed in the KH2PO4treatment, i.e., in values ranging between 4.2 and 5.9 mg P kg−1 in the sandy acidic soil and between from 1.6 to 4.3 mg P kg−1 in the clayey calcareous soil. The total coefficient of utilization of compost-P (CU-P) by white clover reached values in both soils for the four composts ranging between 6.5% and 11.6% of the added P while in the presence of KH2PO4 the CU-P reached values ranging between 14.5% in the clayey calcareous soil and 18.5% in the sandy acidic soil. Results obtained in the sandy acidic soil suggest, that white clover initially used a fraction of the rapidly exchangeable compost P, while at a latter stage plant roots enhanced the mineralisation of compost organic P and took up a fraction of the mineralized P. These relations were not observed in the clayey calcareous soil probably because of its high sorbing capacity for P. In the sandy acidic soil, composts application increased the uptake of soil P by the plant from 31.4 mg P kg−1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 37.9 to 42.7 mg P kg−1 soil in the presence of composts. This indirect effect was related to a general improvement of plant growth conditions in this soil induced by compost addition (from 9.9 g DM kg−1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 14.0 to 16.1 g DM kg−1 soil in the presence of composts) and/or to the release of Al- or Fe bound soil P to the solution due to soil pH increase following compost application. Finally the total coefficient of utilization of P (CU-P) derived from KH2PO4 and composts was related to the total amount of N exported by white clover in the P-limited clayey calcareous soil but not in the P-rich sandy acidic soil. This suggests that in a soil where N2 biological fixation is limited by low P availability, the CU-P of a compost by white clover is not only related to the forms of P present in the compost but also to its effect on N nutrition. However, it is not clear whether this improved N nutrition was due to compost mineralisation, or to an indirect compost effect on the N2 biological fixatio

    Infection par le VIH chez les patientes atteintes de cancer du sein en GuinĂ©e (Afrique de l’Ouest)

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    L'objectif Ă©tait de dĂ©terminer la prĂ©valence de l'infection Ă  VIH chez les patientes atteintes de cancer du sein et de comparer les caractĂ©ristiques anatomocliques et thĂ©rapeutiques de ces cancers du sein par rapports aux patientes non infectĂ©es par le VIH. Il s'agissait d'une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective et analytique comparant les dossiers de patientes atteintes de cancers du sein histologiquement confirmĂ©s, infectĂ©es ou non par le VIH Ă  l'unitĂ© de chirurgie oncologique de Donka, CHU de Conakry, de 2007 Ă  2012. Nous avons colligĂ© 278 patientes prĂ©sentant un cancer du sein dont 14 (5,0%) infectĂ©es par le VIH et 264 (95,0%) non infectĂ©es par le VIH. Les diffĂ©rences observĂ©es entre ces deux groupes de patientes Ă©taient respectivement: Ăąge mĂ©dian (36,8 vs 49,0 ans), la mĂ©nopause (21,4% vs 53,4%), le nombre des patientes traitĂ©es (50,0% contre 77,1%) et la survenue de dĂ©cĂšs (78,6% vs 50,8%). Aucune diffĂ©rence n'a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e dans la prĂ©sentation clinique, histologique et le retard de consultation. Dans notre Ă©tude, la prĂ©valence de l'infection Ă  VIH chez les patients atteints de cancer du sein est Ă©levĂ©e. L'Ăąge jeune des patients, la faible accessibilitĂ© au traitement et la mortalitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e doivent ĂȘtre confirmĂ©s par une Ă©tude sur un Ă©chantillon plus large

    Optimisation de la production de biométhane à partir des déchets organiques municipaux

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    La gestion des dĂ©chets municipaux est devenue une prĂ©occupation majeure dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement, due au manque de politique et de stratĂ©gie adaptĂ©es. L’étude rĂ©alisĂ©e a portĂ© sur la valorisation biotechnologique de la fraction biodĂ©gradable des dĂ©chets au Burkina Faso. Une analyse physico-chimique des dĂ©chets Ă©chantillonnĂ©s dans trois (3) centres de prĂ©collecte de dĂ©chets municipaux de Ouagadougou a Ă©té rĂ©alisĂ©e. L’influence du type d’inoculum (eaux usĂ©es, bouse bovine, flux de broyat de termites et une mixture de ces 3 inocula) et de la charge en substrat (dĂ©chets organiques) a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e au cours d’essais de fermentation mĂ©thanique. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont montrĂ© que les dĂ©chets organiques municipaux constituent un substrat de prĂ©dilection pour la mĂ©thanisation avec un ratio C/N de 31,65. Les essais de fermentation ont permis de noter que la bouse bovine comme inoculum avec une charge en dĂ©chets municipaux de 2% donnait la meilleure production de biomĂ©thane (297,65 l CH4 / Kg MSV). Il ressort de cette Ă©tude que les dĂ©chets municipaux peuvent ĂȘtre traitĂ©s par la voie de la biomĂ©thanisation car prĂ©sentant un potentiel de bioconversion intĂ©ressant.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clĂ©s: DĂ©chets organiques, digestion anaĂ©robie, biomĂ©thane, environnement, Burkina FasoEnglish Title: Optimization of biomethane production from municipal solid organic wastesEnglish AbstractMunicipal solid organic wastes management became a major preoccupation. The achieved study focuses the biotechnological valorization of the biodegradable fraction of solid organic wastes in Burkina Faso.  Physicochemical characterization analysis of solid wastes sampled in 03 Ouagadougou’s centers of municipal wastes deposits was achieved. The influence of inoculum source (wastewater, bovine dung, termites’ homogenate and mixture) and substrate concentration (municipal solid waste) were evaluated during biomethane production tests. Results showed that organic fraction of solid wastes represent a source of predilection for methanization with 31.65 C/N cow. Fermentation tests showed that bovine dung used as inoculum in 2% of municipal solid waste gave the highest rate of biomethane production (297.65 l CH4 / Kg vs). The results demonstrate that municipal wastes can be valorized by biomethanization way because presenting interesting bioconversion potential.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Organic wastes, anaerobic digestion, biomethane, environment, Burkina Fas

    Contribution à la biométhanisation de la biomasse végétale: cas des résidus de légumes au Burkina Faso

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    La matiĂšre organique constitue une source de bioĂ©nergie par la voie de la digestion anaĂ©robie. Le but de cette Ă©tude est de dĂ©terminer les paramĂštres physico-chimiques et les effets de l’inoculation ainsi que de la tempĂ©rature sur la biomĂ©thanisation des rĂ©sidus de lĂ©gumes. Des Ă©chantillons de rĂ©sidus de lĂ©gumes collectĂ©s dans des localitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes (restaurants universitaires et marchĂ©s de lĂ©gumes) Ă  Ouagadougou ont servi de substrat. L’étude des paramĂštres physico-chimiques a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© Ă  l’aide des mĂ©thodes standard (AOAC, APHA) et le biogaz produit a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ© par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Le pH, la matiĂšre sĂšche, la matiĂšre sĂšche volatile, les cendres, le carbone organique, les protĂ©ines, les lipides et les carbohydrates totaux ont Ă©tĂ© respectivement de 5,87; 11,78%; 80,46%; 1,3%; 46,68%; 10,02%; 9,95%; 60,67%. La composition en minĂ©raux exprimĂ©e en mg/g de matiĂšre sĂšche Ă©tait de 12,69 (Ca2+) ; 19,44 (Ka+) ; 11,05 (Na+) ; 1,608 (N) ; 3,92 (p) ; 0,97 (SO4 2-). L’effet de l’inoculum a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence par une production nulle de CH4 Ă  partir d’un temoin non inoculĂ©. La tempĂ©rature optimale de production de biomĂ©thane a Ă©tĂ© de 44 °C avec un rendement de 238 ml CH4/g de MS.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clĂ©s: DĂ©chets, lĂ©gume, valorisation, biogaz, Burkina FasoEnglish Title: Contribution to the biometanation of plant biomass: case of vegetable residues in Burkina FasoEnglish AbstractOrganic material is a source of bioenergy through anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this study is to determine the physico-chemical parameters and the effects of inoculation as well as temperature on biomethanation of vegetable wastes. Samples of vegetable residues collected in different localities (canteens  and vegetable markets) in Ouagadougou were used as substrate. The study of physico-chemical parameters was performed using standard methods (AOAC, APHA) and biogas produced was analyzed by gas chromatography. pH, solids , volatile solids , ash, organic carbon , proteins , lipids and total carbohydrates were respectively 5.87 ; 11.78% ; 80.46 % ; 1.3% ; 46.68 % ; 10.02% ; 9.95% ; 60.67 %. The mineral composition expressed as mg/g dry matter was 12.69 (Ca2+); 19.44 (K+) ; 11.05 (Na+); 1.608 (N); 3.92 (p); 0.97 (SO42-). Inoculum effect was evidenced by no production of CH4 using an uninoculated control. The optimum temperature for biogas production was 44 °C in a yield of 238 ml CH4/g DM.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Waste, vegetables, valorization, Biogas, Burkina Fas

    Multiplication Rapide du Bananier Plantain (Musa Spp. Aab) In Situ: Une Alternative Pour la Production En Masse de Rejets

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    L’une des contraintes majeures limitant l’expansion et l’amélioration de la culture du bananier plantain est le manque de matériel végétal. La multiplication rapide du matériel de plantation nécessite le développement de techniques favorisant la production en masse de rejets. La technique de destruction du méristème permet d’atteindre cet objectif. Des vivo plants de cultivars locaux de bananiers plantain (Musa spp. AAB) ont été plantés en parcelles expérimentales. Les méristèmes apicaux des bananiers ont été détruits après, successivement 6, 7 et 8 mois de plantation. Cette technique a permis de provoquer l’induction et la prolifération de nombreux bourgeons. Ainsi, les plants âgés de 6 mois ont produit 11 rejets et émis 21 feuilles. Pour les plants âgés de 7 mois, le nombre de rejets a été de 13, avec une émission de 27 feuilles. Après 8 mois de plantation, le nombre de rejets émis a été de 17, avec 30 feuilles émises. Le nombre maximum de rejets produits avec les plants témoins a été de 7, avec une émission de 38 feuilles. Après destruction du méristème, le nombre de rejets produits a augmenté en fonction de l’âge du bananier.Mots clés : Multiplication, bananier plantain, Musa AAB, in situ, rejets.One of the major factors limiting the expansion of plantain production is the lack of plant material. The rapid multiplication of planting material requires the development of technologies capable of promoting the mass production of suckers. Meristem destruction is a technique that can help to achieve this objective. Vivo plants of plantain cultivars were used to establish experimental plots. The apical meristem of plantain was destroyed at 6, 7 and 8 months after planting. Results show that the technique favored the induction and the proliferation of suckers. Six months-old plants induced 11 suckers and developed 21 leaves. With 7 months-old plants, the number of suckers was 13 for 27 leaves developed. At 8 months after plantation, the number of buds reached 17, with 30 leaves produced. Plants from check plots produced 7 suckers and 38 leaves. The number of suckers increased with the age of plant following apical meristem destruction.Key Words : Multiplication, plantain, Musa AAB, in situ, suckers
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