879 research outputs found
Encouraging the employment of refugees through trade preferences
Trade preferences provide a potential policy tool for supporting the integration of refugees in countries of first asylum. Thus, the EU-Jordan Compact, agreed following the London conference of February 2016 on âSupporting Syria and the Regionâ, eased the rules of origin for Jordanian exporters employing a minimum share of Syrian refugees. The debate on the use of trade preferences to encourage the labour-market integration of refugees has been reactivated by a similar proposal made recently by Turkey in the WTO context. The experience with the Qualifying Industrial Zones initiative, launched in 1996 by the US for Egypt and Jordan, suggests that trade preferences, if properly designed, can be a powerful instrument for generating export growth and employment. However, both this experience and the so far disappointing impact of the EU-Jordan agreement on rules of origin show the limits and drawbacks of this type of scheme. This Policy Brief discusses the conditions under which trade preferences can prove an effective instrument for refugee integration and puts forward some concrete policy recommendations
Implications of EMU for Global Macroeconomic and Financial Stability
The paper examines the implications of EMU for world macroeconomic and financial stability, distinguishing EMU effects from other global factors at work. It concludes that EMU is having on the whole stabilising effects on the world economy, particularly in neighbouring regions.EMU, macroeconomic volatility, euro, international monetary system, implications of EMU for world macroeconomic and financial stability, Economic Papers, Dïżœhring,
Towards metathesis growth of intrinsically conducting polymers from metal surfaces
Cette thĂšse prĂ©sentera l'Ă©tude d'un catalyseur de carbure de molybdĂšne modifiĂ© par des alkylidenes dans le but de faire de la polymĂ©risation par rĂ©action de mĂ©tathĂšse induite par la surface, le tout dans des conditions de ultra-haut vide (UHV). Ce systĂšme catalytique a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ© par diffĂ©rentes techniques d'analyse utilisĂ©es en science des surfaces : la spectroscopic infrarouge par reflexion-adsorption (RAIRS), la spectroscopie des photoĂ©lectrons par rayons X (XPS) et la spectromĂ©trie de masse par thermodĂ©sorption (TDS). La premiĂšre partie de la thĂšse dĂ©crira le systĂšme expĂ©rimental Ă la maniĂšre d'un guide pour les nouveaux utilisateurs de ce type de systĂšme multi-analytique. La caractĂ©risation et l'Ă©tude de l'activitĂ© catalytique du carbure de molybdĂšne modifiĂ© par des alkylidenes sera prĂ©sentĂ©e en deux parties. La premiĂšre partie sera dĂ©diĂ©e Ă la prĂ©paration et Ă la caractĂ©risation de nouvelles espĂšces mĂ©tal-alkylidĂšne sur la surface du ÎČ-MoâC. Deux nouvelles espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es, soient le dimĂ©thyle alkylidene ((CHâ)âC=Mo) et le vinyl alkylidene (CHâCHCH=Mo). Des donnĂ©es spectroscopiques sur la chimisorption de cĂ©tones aliphatiques telles que l'acĂ©tone, l'acĂ©tone-dĂŽ et l'acrolĂ©ine indiquent que le ÎČ-MoâC induit un bris du lien carbonyle Ă tempĂ©rature ambiante dans des conditions d'ultra-haut vide pour former les espĂšces mĂ©tal-alkylidĂšne et mĂ©tal-oxo. Cette rĂ©action produit aussi une couche superficielle de carbone de nature indĂ©finie qui diminue la rĂ©activitĂ© de la surface de ÎČ-MoâC face Ă la dĂ©composition molĂ©culaire confĂ©rant ainsi une trĂšs haute stabilitĂ© thermique aux espĂšces formĂ©es. Le principal sujet de cette thĂšse concerne l'Ă©tude de ces alkylidenes comme des espĂšces initiatrices pour la polymĂ©risation de surface en vue de former le polyacĂ©tylĂšne. Deux mĂ©thodes de polymĂ©risation ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es. PremiĂšrement, la polymĂ©risation par mĂ©tathĂšse par ouverture de cycle du 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatĂ©traĂšne (COT) a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e sur des sites actifs de cyclopentylidene et de vinyl alkylidene. DeuxiĂšmement, la polymĂ©risation par mĂ©tathĂšse avec l'acĂ©tylĂšne a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e sur des sites de cyclopentylidene. Les rĂ©sultats de ces deux mĂ©thodes sont comparables malgrĂ© des diffĂ©rences mineures dans la conformation des polymĂšres, lesquelles sont suggĂ©rĂ©es par les donnĂ©es des spectres vibrationnels. Le comportement des monomĂšres adsorbĂ©s sur ÎČ-MoâC est aussi analysĂ© Ă la fin de chaque chapitre. La spectroscopic vibrationnelle suggĂšre que le cyclooctatĂ©traĂšne adopte une configuration plate qui pourrait favoriser sa rĂ©activitĂ© en augmentant la tension molĂ©culaire ainsi que le temps de rĂ©sidence de la molĂ©cule sur la surface. Ces effets pourront ĂȘtre responsables du faite que le cyclooctatĂ©traĂšne rĂ©agisse Ă une plus basse tempĂ©rature face Ă la polymĂ©risation par ouverture de cycle que le norbornĂšne et le cyclopentĂšne. Pour ce qui concerne l'acĂ©tylĂšne, il rĂ©agit avec lui-mĂȘme Ă tempĂ©rature plus basse que la tempĂ©rature de polymĂ©risation pour donner du benzĂšne et du butadiene sur la surface du carbure de molybdĂšne. Cette rĂ©action est, alors, en compĂ©tition avec la formation du polyacĂ©tylĂšne sur la surface modifiĂ©e avec des espĂšces alkylidene
Crisis econĂłmica y Sector PĂșblico en los paĂses desarrollados
The main goal of this paper is to analyze the interrelations between the 1929, 1973 and 2008 economic recessions, with special attention to the change in the Public Sector during the last crisis. In order to fulfill this target the focus relies on the study of public revenue, expenditure, budget balance, debt and interest rates evolution in OECD, EU and the eight developed economies. As a result, it is possible to know the role played by public accounts in the different economic crises and the consequent fiscal policy adjustments, to conclude that the 1929 and 2008 recessions have been the ones with biggest impact in budget policy.El trabajo tiene por objeto examinar las interrelaciones entre las recesiones de 1929, 1973 y 2008 y las transformaciones que suceden en las cuentas del Sector PĂșblico de las economĂas avanzadas, concediendo una atenciĂłn especial a la crisis de 2008. Con tal fin, se analiza la evoluciĂłn de los ingresos, gasto, saldo presupuestario, deuda e intereses de Ă©sta de la OCDE y UE, asĂ como de las ocho grandes economĂas desarrolladas. Ello permite conocer el papel desempeñado por las cuentas pĂșblicas en cada una de esas fluctuaciones y los cambios operados en la polĂtica fiscal a partir de las mismas. Las crisis de 1929 y 2008 han sido las que han provocado alteraciones mĂĄs acusadas en la polĂtica presupuestaria
Ajustes en el mercado de trabajo, estructura educativa y gasto pĂșblico en la Comunidad Europea: 1975 - 1990.
Sin resume
Latin America's integration processes in the light of the EU's experience with EMU
The paper assesses the advisability of subregional monetary integration in Latin America by looking at EU experience with EMU and by applying the theory of optimum currency areas as well as other criteria proposed by the more recent literature. It also discusses the extent to which EU fiscal policy architecture could be recreated in Latin America.monetary integration, optimum currency areas, Latin America, dollarisation, exchange rates, fiscal policy coordination, Temprano Arroyo
Modelling-based methodological approach to assess the effect of urbanization on hydrology and runoff water quality: a case of study for tropical and dry regions
ABSTRACT: It is necessary to have unified tools and methodologies for the correct understanding and quantification of urbanization effects on watershed hydrology. This study presents a modelling-based methodology developed on EPA SWMM to evaluate the effect of urbanization in conceptual watersheds using meteorological data from cities in Spain and Colombia. Results show that the effect of urbanization is significant in variables such as runoff volume, peak flow and pollutant loads, increasing these indicators in all cases. Furthermore, this effect has different dynamics for the regions evaluated. Overall, Colombian cities presented higher runoff volumes, peak flows and pollutant loads, while Spanish cities presented higher variability in these variables due to urbanization. The analysis allowed to cluster the cities within each country, using as criteria the modelled hydrological behaviour. A curve fitting procedure presented high performance rates for all the variables studied.This work was supported by the âInstituto Colombiano de CrĂ©dito Educativo y Estudios TĂ©cnicos en el Exteriorâ (ICETEX) under the program âPasaporte a la Cienciaâ granted to the first author under grant number 5334506
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