31 research outputs found

    Analyse spatiale et fonctionnelle de la réponse de la végétation après incendie en Basse Provence calcaire

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    Une des premières questions que l'on se pose après un incendie est quelle est la capacité des écosystèmes de se reconstituer par eux-mêmes et, par conséquent, quelle est l'opportunité d'engager des travaux pour favoriser leur restauration ? L'étude qui nous est présentée ici, consiste à suivre les changements de végétation après incendie sur différents sites incendiés des Bouches-du-Rhône. Le suivi de la végétation a été fait sur trois ans dans le but de déterminer les modèles d'organisation, de structuration et les processus de recolonisation de la végétation après incendie

    Ecologie du paysage et forêt méditerranéenne .

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    Fait une présentation de la notion d'écologie du paysage, et propose une application au paysage méditerranéen, avec un exemple dans le Vaucluse

    Exploitation Agricole des Berges : Une Strategie D’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques Destructrice des Forets Galleries dans La Plaine de L’oti

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    L’étude porte sur la dynamique des activités humaines liées aux cours d’eau et leurs impacts environnementaux notamment la dégradation des forêts galeries. Des enquêtes menées auprès de 65 exploitants agricoles, ont permis d’analyser les modes et les facteurs d’exploitation des terres riveraines. Ainsi, dans un contexte d’adaptation aux changements et à l’assèchement climatiques, d’insuffisance de terres, les activités agricoles migrent vers les terres des berges de la plaine de l’Oti. Aussi, des mesures dendrométriques dans les champs, jachères et forêts galeriesont-elles permis de ressortir les impacts négatifs inhérents à ces pratiques anthropiques. Ces impacts sont manifestes à travers de faibles paramètres structuraux obtenus dans les champs et jachères comparativement à ceux dans les forêts galeries. De plus en plus florissantes malgré de nombreuses contraintes naturelles, ces activités agricoles constituent certes, une adaptation aux changements climatiques mais elles dégradent les écosystèmes riverains.Mots-clés: activités humaines, impacts, forêt galerie, plaine de l’Oti, Togo

    Structuration et rôle économique du bocage du Champsaur. Aspects méthodologiques

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    This article presents the methodology used to study the biological characteristics and the spatial structuring of the Champsaur "bocage". This approach is based on systematic sampling and multivariate analysis and the digitisation and spatial referencing of the resulting data-base using GIS (Arc-Info) / Cet article présente la méthodologie retenue pour l'étude des caractéristiques biologiques et de structuration spatiale du bocage du Champsaur. Cette démarche s'appuie sur la technique des relevés systématiques et de leur analyse statistique multivariée puis sur une numérisation et spatialisation, grâce au SIG Arc-info, de la base de données ainsi constituée

    Analyse spatiale et fonctionnelle de la réponse de la végétation après incendie en Basse Provence calcaire

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    International audienceUne des premières questions que l'on se pose après un incendie est quelle est la capacité des écosystèmes de se reconstituer par eux-mêmes et, par conséquent, quelle est l'opportunité d'engager des travaux pour favoriser leur restauration ? L'étude qui nous est présentée ici, consiste à suivre les changements de végétation après incendie sur différents sites incendiés des Bouches-du-Rhône. Le suivi de la végétation a été fait sur trois ans dans le but de déterminer les modèles d'organisation, de structuration et les processus de recolonisation de la végétation après incendie

    Capacité de résilience de la végétation après différents régimes de feu en Provence

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    International audienceLiterature on relationships between wildfires and vegetation in Mediterranean areas indicates high resilience ability for most ecosystems on calcareous soils, but data are scarce for acidic soils. The resilience ability of a fire-driven ecosystem is expected to depend both on the characteristics of the ecosystem and on the fire recurrence. We investigated the vegetation according to fire recurrence in a site with ecological and patrimonial stakes (the Maures massif, Provence, South Eastern France), in order to determine which ecosystems are more resilient and why. We sampled different modalities of fire recurrence (frequency of fires and interval of time between fires), and we investigated vegetation resilience to fire through different components such as composition, richness, diversity and structure. The sites corresponded to five modalities of increasing fire recurrence since 1959: control plots which had not burned since 1959, plots burned by a major and intense wildfire in 1990 (= reference fire), other plots burned twice or thrice before the 1990 fire and plots burned several times then in 2003. The results confirmed that our Mediterranean ecosystems on acidic soils are mainly auto-successional as vegetation composition remained rather constant after fire. Significant differences of composition existed between the control plots and the plots lastly affected by the 2003 fire. In contrast, significant differences of functional diversity (i.e. plant traits) existed among the five modalities, in particular an increase of ruderal species and a decrease of competitive taxa with increasing fire recurrence. Moreover, some types of vegetation were identified according to fire recurrence modalities. A variation partitioning procedure (partial CCA) indicated that the environmental data set explained better the plant distribution than the fire recurrence data set. The final objective of the study is to improve the understanding of the interrelationships between fires and the dynamics of vegetation, for a sustainable management of these Mediterranean ecosystems

    Biodiversité et paysage : le point de vue de l'écologue (résumé).

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    Fire recurrence effects on the abundance of plants grouped by traits in Quercus suber L. woodlands and maquis

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    Disturbances such as fire profoundly affect plants, but their effects are strongly dependant on species' biological and life-history traits. Thus, in Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs), where the frequencies and intensities of fires are increasing in association with ongoing land use and climate changes, the composition and diversity of plant communities may change at both species and trait levels. Fire-plant trait interactions have rarely been examined in MTEs on acidic soils. Therefore, we have explored the responses of classes of plants with differing characteristic traits, focusing on easily discernible traits (life forms, dispersal mode. Grime's strategies and regenerative traits), to fire recurrence in a mosaic of Mediterranean cork-oak woodlands and maquis shrublands on acidic soils in south-eastern France. Stands of several fire recurrence classes (0 to 3-4 fires since 1959, with different time intervals and times since the last fire) were surveyed. The results indicate that these fire variables are both influenced by plant traits (e.g. fire recurrence was positively correlated with cover of the main structural species, Erica arborea (Nomenclature: Nomenclature of species follows the numerical referencing of Brisse and Kerguelen (1994)) which negatively affects the diversity of plant traits in high maquis) and influence the composition and diversity of the traits. The abundance of ruderal stress-tolerant species, therophytes and wind-dispersed species was positively associated with recent and/or recurrent fires. Conversely, resprouters were suppressed at sites with high fire frequencies (3-4 fires during the last 50 years), indicating that fire intervals shorter than 10-15 years are insufficient for them to build reserves and that this represents a resilience threshold for the studied communities, as observed in other Mediterranean ecosystems. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

    Les communautés végétales fortement perturbées par les feux deviennent-elles plus inflammables et plus combustibles ? Un exemple dans les maquis et formations à chêne liège

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    National audienceCommunities dominated by Quercus suber and Cistus-Erica maquis are recurrently disturbed by wildfires in the Maures massif (southern France). The fire regime (i.e. the number of fires, the interval between fires and their intensity) is hypothesized to impact the composition and structure of vegetation communities, then subsequently their flammability and combustibility. A hypothesis (Mutch 1970; Bond & Midgley 1995) indicates that fire repetition would favour species with a high flammability, which could maintain by eliminating their neighbours. We tried to assess vegetation flammability and combustibility along a gradient of fire recurrence. We selected 51 plots along a gradient of fire recurrence and date, including control unburned plots. We described the vegetation composition and structure (vertical, horizontal), and we simulated fire behaviour using a semi-empirical model. Vegetation flammability has been assessed by burning experiments in the lab. Our results indicate that flammability and combustibility do not vary simply with the number of fires. The fire regime favours some highly-flammable species but it almost has an impact on vegetation structure, and this subsequently alters the intensity and the rate of spread of fires. The time since the last fire influences accumulation of vegetation fuel, and thus fire intensity and spread rate. The flammability is mainly controlled by the accumulation of dead fuel in the forest understorey, in relation to the life cycle of vegetation. In total, plant traits are likely to be less determining than external factors (climate, human practices) and the location of vegetation communities within the landscape to explain the repetition of fires
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