Cuspy dark matter density profiles in massive dwarf galaxies

Rotation curves of galaxies probe their total mass distributions, including dark matter. Dwarf galaxies are excellent systems to investigate the dark matter density distribution, as they tend to have larger fractions of dark matter compared to higher mass systems. The core-cusp problem describes the discrepancy found in the slope of the dark matter density profile in the centres of galaxies (β∗) between observations of dwarf galaxies (shallower cores) and dark matter-only simulations (steeper cusps). We investigate β∗ in six nearby spiral dwarf galaxies for which high-resolution CO J = 1-0 data were obtained with ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array). We derive rotation curves and decompose the mass profile of the dark matter using our CO rotation curves as a tracer of the total potential and 4.5 μm photometry to define the stellar mass distribution. We find β∗= 0.6 with a standard deviation of ±0.1 among the galaxies in this sample, in agreement with previous measurements in this mass range. The galaxies studied are on the high stellar mass end of dwarf galaxies and have cuspier profiles than lower mass dwarfs, in agreement with other observations. When the same definition of the slope is used, we observe steeper slopes than predicted by the FIRE and NIHAO simulations. This may signal that these relatively massive dwarfs underwent stronger gas inflows towards their centres than predicted by these simulations, that these simulations overpredict the frequency of accretion or feedback events, or that a combination of these or other effects are at work. © 2022 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.Immediate accessThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Aspectos epidemiológicos da meningite tuberculosa em menores de 15 anos de idade, na Grande São Paulo, Brasil, 1982 -1983 Epidemiological aspects of tuberculous meningits in children under 15 years of age, Greater S. Paulo, Brazil, 1982 -1983

Foram estudadas algumas características epidemiológicas dos casos de meningite tuberculosa ocorridos em menores de 15 anos na Grande São Paulo (Brasil), nos anos de 1982 e 1983. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em fontes oficiais de informação, complementado pela visitação domiciliária. Foram identificados 126 casos, analisados segundo distribuição etária, sexo, fonte de contágio, vacinação BCG, diagnóstico firmado, letalidade hospitalar, seqüelas e eventos ocorridos na seqüência do tratamento. Os resultados mostraram: demora no diagnóstico devido a prováveis falhas assistênciais, alta letalidade, identificação dos focos para a maioria dos casos. Houve dificuldade em avaliar a proteção conferida pela vacinação BCG e na ocorrência de seqüelas, o grupo de menores de 5 anos foi o mais comprometido (83,9%) enquanto que a maior letalidade ocorreu no grupo de 0 a 1 ano de idade (43,1%). Houve 38,9% de cura; 33,3% de óbito; 15,1% de abandono e em 12,7% dos casos alguns permaneceram sob controle; e o restante era desconhecido pelo sistema de controle de notificações.<br>Some epidemiological characteristics of cases of tuberculous meningitis which occurred in subjects under 15 years of age in Greater S. Paulo, S. Paulo State, Brazil, in 1982 and 1983, are studied. The cases were surveyed on the basis of official sources of information, complement by domiciliary visits. A hundred and twenty six (126) cases were identified and analysed by age, sex, source of contagion, BCG vaccination, confirmed diagnosis, hospital lethality, sequels and intercurrent events as part of the follow up. The results showed a delay in diagnosing the cases, possibly due to assistential failures; a high rate of lethality; identification of infectious focuses for the majority of the cases. There were difficulties in evaluating the protection provided by BCG vaccination and as regards sequels the most affected (83.9%) were the under-fives while the greatest lethality rate (43.1%) was found among the 0-1 year- olds. At the end of the study there were 38.9% of cases of cure; 33.3% of death; 15.1% of withdrawal, and the remaining 12.7% some were still under control and others unknown to the system of notification

Reatividade tuberculínica e resposta imunológica celular e humoral "in vitro" em doentes com tuberculose pulmonar Delayed-type skin reaction to tuberculin and the cellular and humoral immune response "in vitro" in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Foi estudada a reatividade tuberculínica e a resposta imunológica celular e humoral "in vitro", em 50 doentes de ambos os sexos, de 20 a 80 anos de idade, com tuberculose pulmonar ativa, internados no Parque Hospitalar do Mandaqui da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo (Brasil), no período de maio a agosto de 1980. Para o estudo da reatividade tuberculínica foi utilizado o PPD, Rt-23, 2 UT, tendo havido 14,0% de não-reatores, 12,0% de reatores fracos e 74,0% de reatores fortes. O estudo da imunidade celular e humoral "in vitro" foi realizado pela quantificação de linfócitos T e B, transformação blástica de linfócitos, liberação do fator inibidor da migração de leucócitos (LIF) e reação de hemaglutinação passiva. Os resultados mostraram a validade do cálculo do número absoluto dos linfócitos T e B. A cultura de linfócitos e a técnica do LIF, foram capazes de detectar a sensibilização dos linfócitos ao PPD, mesmo nos doentes não reatores, e a reação de hemaglutinação passiva revelou a presença de anticorpos específicos na população estudada em títulos superiores aos encontrados em pessoas normais, independentemente da reatividade tuberculínica.<br>This paper presents the results of delayed-type skin reaction to tuberculin and the cellular and humoral immune responses "in vitro" in 50 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to the "Parque Hospitalar do Mandaqui", São Paulo, Brazil, in the period from May to August 1980, matched for sex and ranging in age from 20 to 80 years old. In order to study the delayed-type skin reaction to tuberculin, the PPD, Rt-23, 2 TU (Purified protein derivative) was used and the result obtained was of 14.0% of nonreactors, 12.0% of weak reactors and 74.0% of strong reactors. The "in vitro" study of cellular and humoral immune responses was carried out by determining the number of T and B lymphocytes, the lymphocyte transformation, the liberation of the leucocyte inhibitor factor (LIF) and by the passive hemaglutination test. The results showed the importance of calculation of the absolute number of T and B lymphocytes. The culture of lymphocytes and the LIF experiment were able to detect the lymphocyte sensitivity to PPD even in the nonreactor patients and the passive hemaglutination test showed the presence of specific antibodies in the population studied demonstrated by the highest titers when compared with normal subjects, independently of the skin reactivity to tuberculin

Immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : Secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE database

The aim of this study was to describe data on epidemiology, ventilatory management, and outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in immunocompromised patients. Methods: We performed a post hoc analysis on the cohort of immunocompromised patients enrolled in the Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE) study. The LUNG SAFE study was an international, prospective study including hypoxemic patients in 459 ICUs from 50 countries across 5 continents. Results: Of 2813 patients with ARDS, 584 (20.8%) were immunocompromised, 38.9% of whom had an unspecified cause. Pneumonia, nonpulmonary sepsis, and noncardiogenic shock were their most common risk factors for ARDS. Hospital mortality was higher in immunocompromised than in immunocompetent patients (52.4% vs 36.2%; p < 0.0001), despite similar severity of ARDS. Decisions regarding limiting life-sustaining measures were significantly more frequent in immunocompromised patients (27.1% vs 18.6%; p < 0.0001). Use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as first-line treatment was higher in immunocompromised patients (20.9% vs 15.9%; p = 0.0048), and immunodeficiency remained independently associated with the use of NIV after adjustment for confounders. Forty-eight percent of the patients treated with NIV were intubated, and their mortality was not different from that of the patients invasively ventilated ab initio. Conclusions: Immunosuppression is frequent in patients with ARDS, and infections are the main risk factors for ARDS in these immunocompromised patients. Their management differs from that of immunocompetent patients, particularly the greater use of NIV as first-line ventilation strategy. Compared with immunocompetent subjects, they have higher mortality regardless of ARDS severity as well as a higher frequency of limitation of life-sustaining measures. Nonetheless, nearly half of these patients survive to hospital discharge. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073. Registered on 12 December 2013

Mechanical ventilation in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema : a sub-analysis of the LUNG SAFE study

Patients with acute respiratory failure caused by cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) may require mechanical ventilation that can cause further lung damage. Our aim was to determine the impact of ventilatory settings on CPE mortality. Patients from the LUNG SAFE cohort, a multicenter prospective cohort study of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, were studied. Relationships between ventilatory parameters and outcomes (ICU discharge/hospital mortality) were assessed using latent mixture analysis and a marginal structural model. From 4499 patients, 391 meeting CPE criteria (median age 70 [interquartile range 59-78], 40% female) were included. ICU and hospital mortality were 34% and 40%, respectively. ICU survivors were younger (67 [57-77] vs 74 [64-80] years, p < 0.001) and had lower driving (12 [8-16] vs 15 [11-17] cmHO, p < 0.001), plateau (20 [15-23] vs 22 [19-26] cmHO, p < 0.001) and peak (21 [17-27] vs 26 [20-32] cmHO, p < 0.001) pressures. Latent mixture analysis of patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation on ICU day 1 revealed a subgroup ventilated with high pressures with lower probability of being discharged alive from the ICU (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79 [95% confidence interval 0.60-1.05], p = 0.103) and increased hospital mortality (HR 1.65 [1.16-2.36], p = 0.005). In a marginal structural model, driving pressures in the first week (HR 1.12 [1.06-1.18], p < 0.001) and tidal volume after day 7 (HR 0.69 [0.52-0.93], p = 0.015) were related to survival. Higher airway pressures in invasively ventilated patients with CPE are related to mortality. These patients may be exposed to an increased risk of ventilator-induced lung injury. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02010073