Making mistakes, no big deal!:how Finnish primary school teachers understand coping with ambiguity, uncertainty and risk

Abstract. This study focuses on how Finnish primary school teachers understand coping with ambiguity, uncertainty and risk, and how they react to students’ mistakes and their own mistakes. In the last few decades, Entrepreneurship education has become a bigger trend in Finland and other European Union member countries. I believe this can also have promises for other contexts like Japan, where I am from. Therefore, this research tries to examine from Entrepreneurship education context. There is a lack of primary school level research about Entrepreneurship education in Finland, also less about Finnish primary school teachers’ perspective about Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship competence. This research tries to fill the gap. In the theoretical framework, Finnish education system, teacher education, Entrepreneurship education and Entrepreneurship Competence Framework and making mistakes are introduced. I applied the well-known Entrepreneurship Competence Framework for the common concept of entrepreneurship in European Union countries, to examine the specific competence which is related to making mistakes. Qualitative research approach is adopted, where I used thematic analysis as a method to interpret the data represented by interview transcripts. I conducted 15 interviews with Finnish primary school teachers. The data is collected through semi-structured interviews in English. It is mainly to ask how they react to coping with ambiguity, uncertainty and risks and general mistake making. The interviewees are found by snowball sampling, they live in the north part of Finland, they are coming from several different schools. As findings, through the process of thematic analysis, three interconnected subthemes are formed which are Role, Behavior and Attitude. Then, the main theme, Teachers’ mindset consists of those subthemes. Through discussion of teachers’ own Role, Behavior and Attitude, teachers embrace and act to ambiguity, uncertainty and risk and they are trying to be open to them. Through discussion of teachers’ Behavior, it is easy to conclude that teachers’ overall reaction to making mistakes is accepting. They think mistakes are a part of life, learning from failure. Finally, this thesis contributes to the understanding of Finnish primary school teachers’ mindset in the context of Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship competences. It can be a steppingstone for further research in teachers’ perspective to these specific areas

Relationship between Cariogenic Bacteria and pH of Dental Plaque at Margin of Fixed Prostheses

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether teeth that have undergone prosthetic restoration are under conditions that promote caries recurrence. Methods. The subjects were 20 dentate adults with both a healthy tooth and an affected tooth entirely covered with a complete cast crown in the molar regions of the same arch. The pH was measured in plaque adhering to the margin of the tooth covered with a complete cast crown and adhering to the cervicobuccal area of the natural tooth. In addition, the numbers of cariogenic bacteria (mutans streptococci and lactobacilli) were measured employing the saliva test. The relationships between the number of cariogenic bacteria and plaque pH of the natural tooth and between the number of cariogenic bacteria and plaque pH of the tooth covered with a complete cast crown were investigated. Results. The plaque pH of the tooth covered with a complete cast crown decreased as the numbers of SM and LB increased. The natural tooth were also influenced by the number of SM. Conclusion. Secondary caries are likely to develop from the marginal region of the crown in the oral cavity with a high caries risk unless a preventive program is prepared and the oral environment is improved following the program

Comparison of the Frequency of Functional SH3 Domains with Different Limited Sets of Amino Acids Using mRNA Display

Although modern proteins consist of 20 different amino acids, it has been proposed that primordial proteins consisted of a small set of amino acids, and additional amino acids have gradually been recruited into the genetic code. This hypothesis has recently been supported by comparative genome sequence analysis, but no direct experimental approach has been reported. Here, we utilized a novel experimental approach to test a hypothesis that native-like globular proteins might be easily simplified by a set of putative primitive amino acids with retention of its structure and function than by a set of putative new amino acids. We performed in vitro selection of a functional SH3 domain as a model from partially randomized libraries with different sets of amino acids using mRNA display. Consequently, a library rich in putative primitive amino acids included a larger number of functional SH3 sequences than a library rich in putative new amino acids. Further, the functional SH3 sequences were enriched from the primitive library slightly earlier than from a randomized library with the full set of amino acids, while the function and structure of the selected SH3 proteins with the primitive alphabet were comparable with those from the 20 amino acid alphabet. Application of this approach to various combinations of codons in protein sequences may be useful not only for clarifying the precise order of the amino acid expansion in the early stages of protein evolution but also for efficiently creating novel functional proteins in the laboratory

Significance and Problems of Community-based Music Activity in Occupational Therapy

The purpose of this study is to examine the activity of "Imu’s Music," a new community project started by the author, and discuss the significance of community-based music activities within occupational therapy. The purpose of Imu’s Music was to provide accessibility to society for both the handicapped and the non-handicapped, and create the society which will not eliminate the handicapped or socially vulnerable. Some participants with mental problems participated frequently and even one among them without absence. The music that was practiced in Imu’s Music was rather unorthodox and a minor genre from the standard values of our society. However, the author feels that it was meaningful for the participants, who had been slaves to the conventional idea of music, to escape from old values, get free and enjoy personal expression. The author believes this will lead them to change their fixed ideas and find a new identity. This is the most significant point of non-conventional music

Clinical Study Relationship between Cariogenic Bacteria and pH of Dental Plaque at Margin of Fixed Prostheses

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether teeth that have undergone prosthetic restoration are under conditions that promote caries recurrence. Methods. The subjects were 20 dentate adults with both a healthy tooth and an affected tooth entirely covered with a complete cast crown in the molar regions of the same arch. The pH was measured in plaque adhering to the margin of the tooth covered with a complete cast crown and adhering to the cervicobuccal area of the natural tooth. In addition, the numbers of cariogenic bacteria (mutans streptococci and lactobacilli) were measured employing the saliva test. The relationships between the number of cariogenic bacteria and plaque pH of the natural tooth and between the number of cariogenic bacteria and plaque pH of the tooth covered with a complete cast crown were investigated. Results. The plaque pH of the tooth covered with a complete cast crown decreased as the numbers of SM and LB increased. The natural tooth were also influenced by the number of SM. Conclusion. Secondary caries are likely to develop from the marginal region of the crown in the oral cavity with a high caries risk unless a preventive program is prepared and the oral environment is improved following the program