Effects of nitrogen substitution in amorphous carbon films on electronic structure and surface reactivity studied with x-ray and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopies

We investigated the effects of incorporating a very low percentage of nitrogen on the local and the electronic structure of amorphous carbon (a-C) using X-ray pho- toelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon films (a-CNx) with varying nitrogen content, were prepared by a thermal decomposition method using a mixture of CH4 + NH3 under atmosphere. A slight shift of the C 1s core-level spectrum toward the higher binding energy (BE) side was detected in a-CNx as a function of nitrogen content. This was interpreted as a charge transfer between carbon and nitrogen atoms rather than as a shift of the Fermi level (EF). The C 1s peak shifts can be explained by the presence of two kinds of C{N local structures and the charge transferred bulk C{C compo- nents by nitrogen atoms. The two kinds of deconvoluted C 1s components could be well correlated with the two N 1s components. Two localized states were detected below the EF in UPS spectra of a-CNx, which could be assigned to defect bands. These defects played a significant role in the surface reactivity, and were stabilized in a-CNx. The adsorption and reaction of NO were carried out on a-CNx as well as a-C films. It was found that both defect sites and O2- species were responsible on a-C, while O2- species were selectively active for NO adsorption on a-CNx. We concluded that nitrogen doping reduces defect density to stabilize the surface of a-C, while at the same time inducing the selective adsorption capability of NO

Effects of an Additional Sequence of Color Stimuli on Visuomotor Sequence Learning

Through practice, people are able to integrate a secondary sequence (e.g., a stimulus-based sequence) into a primary sequence (e.g., a response-based sequence), but it is still controversial whether the integrated sequences lead to better learning than only the primary sequence. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a sequence that integrated space and color sequences on early and late learning phases (corresponding to effector-independent and effector-dependent learning, respectively) and how the effects differed in the integrated and primary sequences in each learning phase. In the task, the participants were required to learn a sequence of button presses using trial-and-error and to perform the sequence successfully for 20 trials (m × n task). First, in the baseline task, all participants learned a non-colored sequence, in which the response button always turned red. Then, in the learning task, the participants were assigned to two groups: a colored sequence group (i.e., space and color) or a non-colored sequence group (i.e., space). In the colored sequence, the response button turned a pre-determined color and the participants were instructed to attend to the sequences of both location and color as much as they could. The results showed that the participants who performed the colored sequence acquired the correct button presses of the sequence earlier, but showed a slower mean performance time than those who performed the non-colored sequence. Moreover, the slower performance time in the colored sequence group remained in a subsequent transfer task in which the spatial configurations of the buttons were vertically mirrored from the learning task. These results indicated that if participants explicitly attended to both the spatial response sequence and color stimulus sequence at the same time, they could develop their spatial representations of the sequence earlier (i.e., early development of the effector-independent learning), but might not be able to enhance their motor representations of the sequence (i.e., late development of the effector-dependent learning). Thus, the undeveloped effector-dependent representations in the colored sequence group directly led to a long performance time in the transfer sequence

Model theory of doubly transitive groups

2重可移群には,near-domainを解釈することができ(定理13), またnear-domainから2重可移群を構成することができる｡つまり,2重可移群の研究はnear-domainの研究と同値になる｡ここで,有限のnear-domainがnear-fieldになることは知られているが,無限のnear-domainがnear-fieldになるかどうかは知られていない｡これに関連して,無限の2重可移群についても多くの未解決問題が残されている｡このノートでは,これらの問題にたいするモデル論的なアプローチ(Morley rank有限の場合の構造析,geometricな方法など)をいくつか紹介する｡It is well known that we can interpret a near-domain in a doubly-transitive group and we can consruct a doubly-transitive group by a near-domain. This shows the equivalence of the study of doubly-transitive groups and that of near-domains. It is known that every finite near-domain is a near-field, however, it is open in infinite case. We investigate several open problems in this subject and some model theoretic approaches (in case of finite Morley rank, geometric) to them

Some topologies on stable groups

In the theory of Linear algebraic groups, Zariski topology plays a crucial role. We introduce some topologies on general abstract groups generalizing Zariski topology in some sense. Especially we focus on stable groups, because not only the similarity of them with respect to some structure theorems but also we are interested in stable groups for their own right. In Linear algebraic groups, they have a descending chain condition on closed sebsets. Hence we may introduce some topologies on stable groups in order to satisfy the descending chain conditions on closed subsets whatever the topology is. According to this guide line we introduce some topologies stable groups and omega-stable groups

Non-equilibrium effects on SF6 arc plasmas in decaying phases

In this paper, the two-temperature chemically non-equilibrium model developed was used to study the effect of transient recovery voltage (TRV) application to residual SF6 arcs. The residual SF6 arcs were created under free recovery condition. The TRV with a rate of rise of recovery voltage of 0.1 kV/μs and 0.2 kV/μs were numerically applied to the residual arcs. As a result, the application of 0.2 kV/μs TRV causes the arc re-ignition with increasing electron temperature and the electron density near the upstream electrode. It was also found that the temperature evolution by one-temperature model is simulated almost only to the evolution in the heavy particle temperature. © 2015 IEEE

Development and Evaluation of a Large-Scale Agent-Based System for Information Literacy Education - Improving the Automatic Collection of Learning Results through Template Matching

Date of Conference: 11-13 April 2011ArticleInformation Technology: New Generations (ITNG), 2011 Eighth International Conference on. 1-6 (2011)conference pape

Characterization of SrTiO3 target doped with Co ions, SrCo Ti1−O3−δ, and their thin films prepared by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) in water for visible light response

SrTiO3(STO) and Co-doped SrTiO3(Co-STO) sintered targets were synthesized at 1573 K, then underwent pulsed laser ablation (PLA) to prepare their thin films. The targets showed clear XRD peaks of the STO until the doped Co amount reached 30% denoted as Co(30)-STO. Doped Co ions were substituted with octahedrally coordinated Ti ions as the Co2+ state, which was proved by the Co 2p satellite peaks in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. The STO and Co(30)-STO targets were treated to evaluate their charge compensation as follows; sputtered by an Ar ion gun, exposed to air, reduction with hydrogen at 1073 K, then exposed to air, and oxidized at 1073 K. Following exposure of the Ar-sputtered target to the air, charge transfer reactions occurred among Co2+,Ti3+,O2- and Sr2+ species which were clarified by their XPS spectra. The origin of two kinds of O 1s spectra detected at 530 and 533 eV was studied by these five treatments and was assigned to the bulk and surface oxygen species, respectively. The PLA of the STO and Co-STO targets was carried out in water at 355 nm and with a constant laser fluence. The atomic ratios of the Ti/Sr and Co/Sr as well as that for the two kinds of O 1s spectra of the LA thin films were studied. The effect of the doped Co ions in the crystal structure of the thin films was studied by the XRD peak shift of the SrTiO3 (110) face. Diffuse reflectance spectra revealed a quantum-sized effect for the r.t. deposited STO thin film, and a d-d transition and charge transfer band for the Co-STO targets. Photo-degradation of methylene blue was carried out on the PLA thin films under very weak power (0.7 mW) visible light at 460 nm from which a quantum yield was obtained to evaluate the role of the doped Co ions in the STO

Suppressive Effect of Wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus Strains on Ige Production by Mouse Spleen Cells

The genus Saccharomyces includes industrial yeasts that are used for bread and alcoholic beverage production. Saccharomyces strains isolated from natural resources, referred to as “wild” yeasts, are used for making products with strain-specific flavors that are different from those of the “domesticated” industrial yeasts. The physiological effects of wild yeast are poorly understood. In this study, we isolated 2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (S02 − 03) and 5 Saccharomyces paradoxus strains (P01 − 02, S01, S04 − 05) from natural resources in the Kiso area and investigated the effect of these fungal strains on IgE production by mouse spleen cells. Culturing spleen cells with heat-killed yeasts resulted in elevated IFN-γ and IL-12 levels followed by significant reduction in IgE levels. The S03 and P01 strains induced IL-12 p40 and IL-10 expression in RAW264 cells. Thus, wild strains of S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus regulate macrophage cytokine production to improve the Th1/Th2 immune balance and suppress IgE production.ArticleFOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH. 19(6):1019-1027 (2013)journal articl