Behavior of Holstein milking cows exposed to different environmental conditioning systems

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavior of dairy cows in summer in relation to the environmental conditioning system (fans with or without misting). Materials and Methods: Twenty Holstein lactating cows were allotted in free-stall pens, divided in two groups: VN ? with fans plus misting; V ? only with fans. The behavior was estimated as time standing and eating, ruminating and idling activities. Data were registered during 4 days by scan method, from 0600h to 1800h, with 30 minutes intervals. Results: Air temperature and relative humidity were registered and indicated a heat stress situation, with maximum temperatures of 32oC and 87% of relative humidity. We observed high values of in standing posture and eating activity on 11h30, 1630h and 1700h hours of VN animals (P <0.05). High frequency for ruminating and idling activities were found at 1700h and 1630h, respectively, for the V animals (P <0.05). Conclusions: The use of fans as the only resource of thermal comfort in these experimental conditions was inefficient when compared to the combination of fans and misting, which give a better thermal comfort condition, allowing cows to feed for long periods, even during the hottest hours of the day, indicating less heat stress

Application of a thermolysis capacity test for dry and lactating cows

The heat stress has negative effects on animal comfort and productivity. Genetic progress in milk production is related closely to an increase in metabolic heat increment, which makes cows more affected by heat stress. Individual thermotolerance can be an important tool in genetic selection. The study aimed to validate a new proposal for assessing the ability of heat loss after sun exposure in cows and its application in dry and lactating cows kept or not on thermal comfort condition. The test consists in three days of sun exposure for one hour followed by one hour rest in the shade to determine the individual thermolysis capacity (TC) by the variables rectal temperature, body surface temperature, internal tail base temperature, respiratory rate, plasma cortisol and IGF-I. In the new proposal these physiological variables were measured before sun exposure, after 50 min in the sun and after one hour in the shade (T0, T1 and T2 consecutively). The test in which this new test was adapted lacked T1.The three day test was applied with similar meteorological variables as black globe temperature of 48.1°C (1.32), air temperature of 31.7°C (0.92) and relative humidity of 39.5% (3.38). The differences between dry and lactating cows were measured in 28 animals divided into two experimental groups housed in free-stall with and without evaporative cooling system (mist and fans). The animals remained at the facility for seven months (from spring to summer) then after they were subjected to heat stress and the TC (10-[(T1-T0)-(T2-T1)]) was determined. There was no difference between the TC of dry and lactating cows (P>0.05), but respiratory rate and IGF-I were greater and body surface was lower in dry cows during sun exposure (P0.05). The thermolysis capacity test was validated and can be used for either dry or lactating cows. Milk production did not influence the thermoregulatory responses of Holstein cows, but when lactating and kept in cooling system they showed better thermolysis capacity index

Floristic Composition Of A Neotropical Inselberg From Espírito Santo State, Brazil: An Important Area For Conservation

Our study on granitic and gneissic rock outcrops on Pedra dos Pontões in Espírito Santo state contributes to the knowledge of the vascular flora of inselbergs in southeastern Brazil. We registered 211 species distributed among 51 families and 130 genera. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae and Polypodiaceae were the most representative families. Concerning vegetative habit, herbs were predominant and about the preference for substrates, holorupicolous species and epiphytes were most speciose. The richest rocky habitat type was woody thicket, with 122 exclusive species. In total, 27 of the species registered in our study are cited on official lists of endangered plant species from Espírito Santo state and Brazil. In addition, two new records of angiosperms for Espírito Santo flora and two new species were recorded for the area. Our data demonstrates the importance of the area for conservation of unique biodiversity that serves as a sanctuary for a rich rupicolous flora composed of endemic and endangered species, some of which are new to science. © 2017 Check List and Authors.13

Physiological and behavioral responses of Holstein cows housed under cooling system

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de recursos de climatização, ventilação e nebulização, sobre a fisiologia e o comportamento de vacas Holandesas alojadas em free-stall, durante o verão do sudeste brasileiro. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas Holandesas submetidas a dois tratamentos com e sem climatização. Os parâmetros ambientais registrados foram temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura de globo negro. As variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas foram temperatura retal e frequência respiratória. As variáveis comportamentais registradas foram postura e suas atividades dentro da instalação. Para análise estatística utilizou-se a metodologia de quadrados mínimos por meio do procedimento PROC MIXED e PROC GLM. Apesar das diferenças estatísticas obtidas para as variáveis fisiológicas, as mesmas não foram biologicamente efetivas e indicaram que os animais se encontravam em conforto térmico. Os animais que dispunham de ventilação e nebulização alimentaram-se mesmo nas horas mais quentes do dia. A climatização é uma estratégia que permite maior conforto térmico aos animais e por consequência pode aperfeiçoar a produção leiteira através do aumento no consumo alimentar

Evaluation of reactivity of horses in the presence of unknown stimulus

The study aimed to evaluate reactivity of horses during usual brushing management against the repeated presence of an unknown sonorous stimulus. Twenty Mangalarga Marchador horses, distributed in different categories (mares and foals), were evaluated. The animals were allocated into the control treatment (N = 10) and the treatment with unknown sonorous stimulus (N = 10) from a rattle and a tambourine. Four consecutive evaluations were carried out first (day 0, 1, 2, 3). Two consecutive assessments were carried out after 30 days of the first collection (day 30 and 31), and two consecutive assessments were carried out 15 days after the second evaluation (day 45 and 46). The behavioral observations were made by assigning a score to behaviors of movement, position of ears and eyes, breathing, and vocalization during brushing management. A response variable called reactivity was attributed to each animal, ranging from score 1 (not reactive or calm animal) to reactivity score 4 (very reactive or aggressive animal). For statistical analysis, the results were adjusted to a logistic regression model using the categories, day, and treatment as covariates. The animals of the unknown stimuli showed greater reactivity. The days of the experimental period influenced the reactivity of animals between 6 and 7 months old, with a decrease in the possibilities of the animals to have a higher reactivity. The maturity of the foal with repeated exposure to the unknown sound stimulus may decrease the possibility of the animal being reactive

Anuran Species Of The Salto Morato Nature Reserve In Paraná, Southern Brazil: Review Of The Species List

We provide an updated checklist of the anurans of the Salto Morato Nature Reserve (SMNR), Paraná, southern Brazil, including information on species endemism, conservation status, habitat use, and reproductive modes. We sampled the study area between February 2013 and July 2015, using Visual Encounter Surveys, totaling 700 hours of sampling effort. We supplement our primary data with secondary data (published papers and voucher specimens), and through these, we found a total of 54 anuran species representing 23 genera and 10 families. All the frogs recorded are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Although no species has been listed as Endangered on the Red Lists of Paraná state, Brazil, and the IUCN, five are classified as Data Deficient. Most of the species recorded were arboreal (55.5%), a third were terrestrial (33.3%), and the remainders were rheophilic (11.1%). We identified 18 different reproductive modes, with types 1 (lay eggs in lentic water where the tadpoles develop) and 23 (direct development of terrestrial eggs) being the most common. Our findings indicate that the SMNR currently has the greatest diversity of anuran species and reproductive modes of any area in southern Brazil. © 2016 Check List and Authors.12

Late Holocene evolution of the Lower Tagus alluvial plain and heavy metals content: preliminary results

This paper aims to contribute to the fluvial dynamic knowledge of the Lower Tagus during the late Holocene. Two cores were done in selected geomorphological positions at the alluvial plain. Each ten centimeters of sediments were submitted to sedimentological and geochemical analyses in order to identify human contamination by heavy metals, sedimentation rates and environmental changes in the main channel position. The main conclusions are: (1) The witness of the lateral migration of the fluvial channel; (2) The very irregular sedimentation rate, from 3mm per year to 0.1mm per year; (3) The diversified contamination of fluvial sediments and fluvial channels by heavy metals, namely Cu due to cooper sulphate vineyards and Pb due to petrol and Cr from the tanning industries.Este trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento de la dinámica fluvial del curso inferior del río Tajo durante el Holoceno final. Se han realizado dos sondeos en lugares seleccionados de la llanura aluvial. Muestras del sedimento obtenidas cada diez centímetros se han analizado con el fin de identificar la contaminación humana con metales pesados, las tasas de sedimentación y posibles cambios en la posición del cauce principal. Las conclusiones más importantes son: (1) La prueba de la existencia de migración lateral del cauce fluvial; (2) La gran irregularidad de la tasa de sedimentación, que varia entre 0,1 y 3mm por año; (3) La variada contaminación de los sedimentos fluviales y de los cauces por metales pesados, especialmente Cu debido a la aplicación de sulfato de cobre en viñedos, Pb debido al petróleo y Cr por las industrias de curtidos.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Reactivity in ewes submitted to invasive and non-invasive techniques of samples collections

The first-time experience of a procedure or with a person should be as positive as possible. If a procedure is very aversive or painful at first contact, it can be difficult to persuade the animal to return to the local where this occurred. For this reason it is important to develop a strategy in experimental and routine activities, taking into account that sheep has often reactive temperament. This study aims to evaluate the possible decreased of the reactivity in sheep across the prior presentation of invasive and non-invasive techniques for collecting saliva and blood samples for cortisol analysis and transepidermal water loss through the use of Vapometer®. Saliva was collected using Sallivetes® and blood was taken from the jugular vein in heparinized tubes, placed on ice, and then centrifuged at 4 °C and 3,000 for 15 min. The tubes containing serum were stored at −20 °C until CORT and IGF-I determination using an enzyme immunoassay kit (Diagnostic Systems Laboratory, Webster, TX). The collection of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was performed using a Vapometer ® (Dolphin, Finland) device. In the three techniques the ewes were always contained by the same person for the time necessary to collect the variable. To take saliva samples the animals were contained during 2 minutes, for blood samples during 1 minute and for TEWL during 30 seconds. The test consists of six data collections performed with increasing intervals between days, checking the possible adaptation of the animal management factors. The first interval was 2 days and after 3 days, then after 4 days, and the next was 7 days and again 7 days, totaling 24 days of experiment. Before sampling saliva, blood or TEWL the reactivity of the ewes was analyzed by a composite score scale when animals were inside the chute. The composite score (CS) is a combination of the scores of: entrance (1 to 4), respiratory rate (1 to 4), vocalization (0 or 1), movement (1 to 4) and flight speed (1 to 4). After the chute a score of containment (1 to 4) was attributed by the same person, which had contained the animal. The experimental unit was each animal and the average of the observations in each sheep was used for the statistical analysis. The observed data of transepidermal water loss, salivary cortisol and serum cortisol were subjected to analysis of variance, with the days and the groups as fixed effect. In case of significant results (P<0.05) it was adopted Tukey-Kramer Test as the procedure for multiple comparisons. Cortisol decreased for saliva and blood groups during the experiment days (P<0.05), showing habituation of the animals to the management. In the same way, TEWL had the highest mean value on day 1, and decreased afterwards (P<0.05). The score of containment was lower for the TEWL group compared to the other two groups (P<0.05), however the higher value was observed on day 5, seven days after a sampling (P<0.05). The score of containment of saliva and blood groups decrease in day 2, but return to increase in the next sampling day (P<0.05). The CS was higher for saliva group (P<0.05). On day 5 CS increased for blood group, but decreased for TEWL (P<0.05). The invasive techniques (saliva and blood) increased the reactivity of sheep before and after retention. Sheep are reactive animals therefore need a more gentle handling during the experiment with invasive samples

Nonoperative Management Of Splenic Injury Grade Iv Is Safe Using Rigid Protocol [tratamento Não Operatório De Lesão Esplênica Grau Iv é Seguro Usando-se Rígido Protocolo]

Objective: To demonstrate the protocol and experience of our service in the nonoperative management (NOM) of grade IV blunt splenic injuries. Methods: This is a retrospective study based on trauma registry of a university hospital between 1990-2010. Charts of all patients with splenic injury were reviewed and patients with grade IV lesions treated nonoperatively were included in the study. Results: ninety-four patients with grade IV blunt splenic injury were admitted during this period. Twenty-six (27.6%) met the inclusion criteria for NOM. The average systolic blood pressure on admission was 113.07 ± 22.22 mmHg, RTS 7.66 ± 0.49 and ISS 18.34 ± 3.90. Ten patients (38.5%) required blood transfusion, with a mean of 1.92 ± 1.77 packed red cells per patient. Associated abdominal injuries were present in two patients (7.7%). NOM failed in two patients (7.7%), operated on due to worsening of abdominal pain and hypovolemic shock. No patient developed complications related to the spleen and there were no deaths in this series. Average length of hospital stay was 7.12 ± 1.98 days. 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Surg., 62, pp. 911-917Velmahos, G.C., Zacharias, N., Emhoff, T.A., Feeney, J.M., Hurst, J.M., Crookes, B.A., Management of the most severely injured spleen: A multicenter study of the Research Consortium of New England Centers for Trauma (ReCONECT) (2010) Arch Surg., 145 (5), pp. 456-460Branco, B.C., Tang, A.L., Rhee, P., Fraga, G.P., Nascimento, B., Rizoli, S., O'Keeffe, T., Selective Nonoperative Management of High Grade Splenic Trauma (2013) Rev Col Bras Cir, 40 (3), pp. 246-25