A review of angular leaf spot resistance in common bean.

Angular leaf spot (ALS), caused by Pseudocer-cospora griseola, is one of the most devastating diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) in tropical and subtropical production areas. Breeding for ALS resistance is difficult due to the extensive virulence diversity of P. griseolaand the recurrent appearance of new virulent races. Five major loci, Phg-1 to Phg-5, confer-ring ALS resistance have been named, and markers tightly linked to these loci have been reported. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have also been described, but the validation of some QTLs is still pending. The Phg-1, Phg-4, and Phg-5loci are from common bean cultivars of the Andean gene pool, whereas Phg-2 and Phg-3are from beans of the Mesoamerican gene pool. The reference genome of common bean and high-throughput sequencing technologies are enabling the development of molecular markers closely linked to the Phg loci, more accurate mapping of the resistance loci, and the compar-ison of their genomic positions. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of ALS resistance in common bean. Further-more, we are reporting three case studies of ALS resistance breeding in Latin America and Africa. This review will serve as a reference for future resistance mapping studies and as a guide for the selection of resistance loci in breeding programs aiming to develop common bean cultivars with durable ALS resistance

Susceptibility of leguminous green manure species to Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii

We studied the susceptibility of species used as green manure in common bean fields to root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii). Seeds of Crotalaria breviflora, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablab, Stizolobium cinereum, S. aterrimum, and the bean cvs. "Pérola", "Valente" and "Carnaval" were sown in soil infested by either R. solani AG-4 or S. rolfsii in greenhouse. The emergence of D. lablab seedlings in soil infested by R. solani dropped to 62%. C. breviflora, C. ensiformis and cv. "Valente" presented the lowest root rot severity. The pathogen S. rolfsii drastically reduced seedling emergence in all species; no C. cajan and S. cinereum seedling emerged. All plant species presented high southern blight severity. We conclude that leguminous crops are not suitable as green manure for areas of bean cultivation with high R. solani and S. rolfsii populations

Potencial de herbicidas para o controle de patógenos de solo do feijão

Pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos de herbicidas em fungos patogênicos habitantes do solo que infectam os feijoeiros. Foi avaliado o efeito de herbicidas no crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Esses fungos causam as doenças de solo mais danosas do feijão. Avaliou-se, em placas de Petri, o crescimento radial desses fungos em meio batata-dextrose-ágar com cinco concentrações (0, 1, 10, 100 e 1.000 mg L-1) dos herbicidas imazamox, fomesafen, fluazifop-p-butyl, bentazon, glyphosate e S-metolachlor. O crescimento micelial de todos os fungos decresceu acentuadamente apenas com o S-metolachlor na concentração de 1.000 mg L-1. Por isso, o efeito desse herbicida também foi testado em duas concentrações (1.000 ou 12.000 mg L-1) na germinação de escleródios de S. rolfsi e S. sclerotiorum (miceliogênica) ou de S. sclerotiorum (carpogênica). Não houve efeito significativo de S-metolachlor na germinação miceliogênica de escleródios desses dois fungos. Entretanto, o S-metolachlor retardou a germinação carpogênica de escleródios de S. sclerotiorum. Os resultados sugerem que o herbicida S-metolachlor tem potencial de uso no manejo de doenças do feijão causadas por fungos de solo