The genes for the inter-α-inhibitor family share a homologous organization in human and mouse

Inter-α-inhibitor ( IαI ) and related molecules in human are comprised of three evolutionarily related, heavy (H) chains and one light (L) chain, also termed bikunin. The latter originates from a precursor molecule that is cleaved to yield the bikunin and another protein designated α-1-microglobulin (A1m). The four H and L chains are encoded by four distinct genes designated H1, H2, H3 , and L . The L and H2 genes are localized onto human chromosomes (chr) 9 and 10, respectively, whereas the H1 and H3 genes are tandemly arranged on chr 3.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46989/1/335_2004_Article_BF00355432.pd

Liquid-Solid Boundaries Dominate Activity of CO₂Reduction on Gas-Diffusion Electrodes

Electrochemical CO2 electrolysis to produce hydrocarbon fuels or material feedstocks offers a renewable alternative to fossilized carbon sources. Gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs), composed of solid electrocatalysts on porous supports positioned near the interface of a conducting electrolyte and CO2 gas, have been able to demonstrate the substantial current densities needed for future commercialization. These higher reaction rates have often been ascribed to the presence of a three-phase interface, where solid, liquid, and gas provide electrons, water, and CO2, respectively. Conversely, mechanistic work on electrochemical reactions implicates a fully two-phase reaction interface, where gas molecules reach the electrocatalyst's surface by dissolution and diffusion through the electrolyte. Because the discrepancy between an atomistic three-phase versus two-phase reaction has substantial implications for the design of catalysts, gas-diffusion layers, and cell architectures, the nuances of nomenclatures and governing phenomena surrounding the three-phase-region require clarification. Here we outline the macro, micro, and atomistic phenomena occurring within a gas-diffusion electrode to provide a focused discussion on the architecture of the often-discussed three-phase region for CO2 electrolysis. From this information, we comment on the outlook for the broader CO2 electroreduction GDE cell architecture. </p

Liquid-Solid Boundaries Dominate Activity of CO₂Reduction on Gas-Diffusion Electrodes

Electrochemical CO2 electrolysis to produce hydrocarbon fuels or material feedstocks offers a renewable alternative to fossilized carbon sources. Gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs), composed of solid electrocatalysts on porous supports positioned near the interface of a conducting electrolyte and CO2 gas, have been able to demonstrate the substantial current densities needed for future commercialization. These higher reaction rates have often been ascribed to the presence of a three-phase interface, where solid, liquid, and gas provide electrons, water, and CO2, respectively. Conversely, mechanistic work on electrochemical reactions implicates a fully two-phase reaction interface, where gas molecules reach the electrocatalyst's surface by dissolution and diffusion through the electrolyte. Because the discrepancy between an atomistic three-phase versus two-phase reaction has substantial implications for the design of catalysts, gas-diffusion layers, and cell architectures, the nuances of nomenclatures and governing phenomena surrounding the three-phase-region require clarification. Here we outline the macro, micro, and atomistic phenomena occurring within a gas-diffusion electrode to provide a focused discussion on the architecture of the often-discussed three-phase region for CO2 electrolysis. From this information, we comment on the outlook for the broader CO2 electroreduction GDE cell architecture. Accepted Author ManuscriptChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion & Storag

Grain size matters: Implications for element and isotopic mobility in titanite

The U–Pb isotopic signature of titanite collected across an exhumed refractory lower crustal block within the Albany–Fraser Orogen, Australia, records thermal overprints not apparent in a suite of other U–Pb chronometers. This helps to reconcile a dichotomy within the geochronological record of two adjacent zones within the orogen. The zircon U–Pb record for the older Biranup Zone preserves widespread overprinting at 1225–1140 Ma (Stage II), whereas the younger Fraser Zone records an older 1330–1260 Ma (Stage I) tectonothermal event. Titanite in the Fraser Zone also predominantly records a U–Pb age of 1299 ± 14 Ma, reflecting the interval of closure to radiogenic Pb mobility. Nonetheless, small titanite grains reveal subsequent overprinting with a mean reset age of 1205 ± 16 Ma. By contrast, titanite from metasedimentary rocks within the adjacent Biranup Zone principally record U–Pb ages of 1200–1150 Ma, interpreted as dating cooling after prolonged Stage II metamorphism. Interestingly, titanite also preserves domains with old apparent ages.These domains have a statistically significant association with lower U content and also indicate reduced Sm/Yb ratios and are interpreted to have lost U but acquired HREE (e.g. Yb) more rapidly than MREE (e.g. Sm). The old apparent ages are interpreted as artefacts of a Stage II U redistribution process, leading to unsupported radiogenic Pb. In addition, titanite grain size has a strong effect on the preservation or resetting of metamorphic U–Pb ages. Thermochronological modelling based on apparent age versus grain size relationships indicates that complete resetting of small titanite grains requires overprinting temperatures of 695–725 °C during Stage II in the Fraser Zone. This result is similar to estimates from the Biranup Zone based on phase equilibrium modelling that indicates pressures and temperatures of 6.5–8.5 kbar and 675–725 °C. An in situ U–Pb analysis strategy for titanite that targets a range of grain sizes has the potential to reveal differential resetting and place important controls on thermal history